tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31846632444342449612024-02-08T12:33:48.200-08:00University essaysTopics For Essay On Steph CurryMariah Mearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01682888464334498560noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3184663244434244961.post-15842285594870651992020-08-27T02:49:00.001-07:002020-08-27T02:49:05.949-07:00The Poems Mending Wall And Home Burial Are About Division, Both On EssThe sonnets ?Mending Wall' and ?Home Burial' are about division, both on a physical level and on a psychological level. ?Retouching Wall' on first perusing is an oversimplified sonnet about the yearly fixing of a divider yet after closer perusing we can see it has a darker significance. The sonnet starts with a disconnected sentence, which quickly draws in the peruser's eye. ?Something there is that doesn't cherish a divider,' The utilization of the word ?Something' stimulates the peruser's interested nature to peruse on to discover what this ?Something' is. The tone of this is easygoing and modest. The creator continues in a conversational tone talking about the motivations to clarify the separating of the divider. The reasons given are generally very viable yet through these reasons we get a brief look at the message, which the creator urgently needs us to discover. ?Also, cause holes even two to can pass side by side.' Despite the fact that the sonnet is about division and partition we have a subject of solidarity in this line crawling through. The speaker communicates a stunningness of nature and a profound established regard this is shown in the manner he discusses the breaking of the divider naturally. ?That sends the solidified ground-swell under it What's more, spills the upper rocks in the sun,' The utilization of the similar sounding word usage of the s' is very quieting and the sounds make a streaming development. ?Furthermore, on a day we meet to push it What's more, set the divider between us by and by.' The creator utilizes the words ?meet' and ?between us' in closeness to one another to give the feeling that in spite of the fact that the two men cooperate for a similar explanation they are really working alone. The divider is a boundary that the two isolates them but then brings together them in its fixing. ?We need to utilize a spell to make them balance;' The utilization of the word spell alludes to mysteriously hints by the writer tells the peruser that everything are conceivable. The words ?game' and ?one on a side' further stress the subject of division . There will never be any immediate discourse between the two men yet through the speaker we find out about what the other man thinks about the divider. ?Great wall make great neighbors.' The speaker doesn't think the divider is essential ?There where it is we needn't bother with the divider.' The proposal is constantly inferred by the speaker however yet never stood up boisterous. The creator has a perky nature and through the sonnet it is shown, ?Spring is the naughtiness in me,....' The creator utilizes the word ?offense' as a suitable statement with a double meaning an image of the sonnet's soul of play and opportunity. The creator rehashes the initial line as though to stir the contemplations he had abandoned. The speaker in the sonnet takes a stab at a proposal for the dividers breaking, ?....I could state ?Elves' to him,' despite the fact that this is entertaining idea the neighbor could never consider it. It is just through the speaker's creative mind that he thought of mythical beings; the other man's contemplations are bound to the real world. The speaker sees the man from an alternate perspective. He is a genuine man with brief period for ?trips of imagination' the speaker portrays him as an ?old-stone savage furnished.' The speaker isn't alluding to his truly appearance yet to his brain and its operations. The other man in the sonnet is worried about customs any preoccupation from his typical reasoning is a terrible thing. The inventive and creative side of his mind lies lethargic. ?He won't go behind his dad's adage. What's more, he enjoys having thought of it so well' The other man in the sonnet is caught by work and perhaps his own past as it comes to him in the words his dad said. He is secured by these words not only truly by the repairing of the divider yet in addition intellectually when he takes everything on an objective level no type of idealism is applied in his life. The sonnet features two kinds of individuals in this day and age. The first is spoken to by the speaker a man who lives by no psychological limits. The second is spoken to continuously man in the sonnet who is absolutely careless in regards to the endowment of creative mind. The divider is increasingly a psychological thing that shields Mariah Mearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01682888464334498560noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3184663244434244961.post-78694738295991879282020-08-22T10:24:00.001-07:002020-08-22T10:24:15.144-07:00Microeconomic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsMicroeconomic - Essay Example Policymakers intercede in the market by building up showcase controls. At the point when the administration imagine that the predominant market cost if out of line to purchasers and venders, they sanction value controls which includes setting a value roof or a value floor. This paper will see how value roof influence showcase results explicitly concentrating working on it of lease controls in the short and since quite a while ago run. A value roof is a legitimate greatest on the cost at which a decent can be sold Supply Demand and Government Policies 4). It ought to be noticed that setting a value roof can acquire two distinct results the economy. The value roof gets not official on the off chance that it is set over the balance cost. The value roof is possibly authoritative in the event that it is lower than the balance cost. Be that as it may, this circumstance achieves deficiencies since amount requested is more prominent than amount provided. It ought to be noticed that a coupling value roof additionally prompts non-value apportioning in the types of long queues, underground markets, and vender segregation. The essential objective of lease control strategy is to make lodging progressively reasonable to the less lucky. Along these lines, the legislature institutes lease control which sets up the value roof that inhabitants can charge their landowners. Nonetheless, as will be represented underneath, one financial specialist says that lease control is the most ideal approach to annihilate a city other than bombarding (Mankiw 84). In the short run, both the interest and flexibly for lodging is inelastic. Mariah Mearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01682888464334498560noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3184663244434244961.post-59630849125077060642020-08-21T08:06:00.001-07:002020-08-21T08:06:23.251-07:00How to Prepare For Your Research Paper AbstractHow to Prepare For Your Research Paper AbstractIf you are a student trying to find out how to prepare for your research paper abstract, then this article was written with you in mind. Although it will be aimed more at undergraduates, the basic ideas are also relevant for postgraduates too.The first thing that you should do is create an outline of what you want to write in your research paper abstract. This is just as important as the actual writing itself. Because the outline serves as a guide, it is easier to follow and it helps keep you focused on what you want to say.You should also plan out the writing in advance. This means that you should be able to come up with the idea, decide on what kind of paper it is, and know what kind of paper it should be. Not all writing projects are meant to be researched and discussed at length, and some papers should get straight to the point. It is very important that you think of exactly what you want to say before you start writing.Do not start writing too early in the day because time is a resource that can be lost very quickly. Your deadline must be set at the last moment so that if anything happens and you are late, it will be much harder to argue with. Research papers are by nature time-sensitive. If you take a longer time to get started, it will cost you credibility.The next thing that you need to do is come up with a subject for your paper. There are many different things that you can choose from. For example, you could choose to study the effects of a particular game on a certain group of players, or you could choose to study the effect of changing their time zone on how they play. Whatever you want to write about, there is probably a topic that fits the bill.However, the only downside to doing a research paper abstract is that it is usually an extremely tedious process. You have to spend hours researching and writing your abstract. This means that the task becomes very stressful and that it will be difficult to kee p your concentration when the work is still being done.The best way to deal with this is to try and schedule your research paper abstract before you leave for the semester. In fact, you may need to plan ahead just to be sure that you do not miss the deadline. Doing your research ahead of time can help you be sure that you don't miss the deadline and also allows you to prepare for what comes after.One final note: remember that your topic is not the only thing that you need to include in your abstract. In fact, you may find that your topic is very generic and that you want to add a few things to your paper in order to make it unique. Mariah Mearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01682888464334498560noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3184663244434244961.post-74051906873750930092020-05-25T05:26:00.001-07:002020-05-25T05:26:04.262-07:00French Expressions Using Bout The French word un bout literally means the end of something or a bit of something. But bout has other meanings as well and is also used in dozens of idiomatic expressions, noun clauses, and prepositional phrases. Learn how to say at arms length, on its last legs, the middle of nowhere, and more with this list of expressions with bout. Possible Meanings of un bout bitendlength (of rope)patch (of sky, land)piecescraptip Expressions with bout le bout de lanmemorial serviceun bout du doigtfingertipun bout dessaiscreen test, test filmun bout filtrefilter tip (cigarette)un bout du mondethe middle of nowhere; the ends of the earthun bout de rà ´lebit part, walk-on partun bout du seinnippleun bout de terraina patch/plot of landun bon bout de cheminquite a ways, a fair distanceun bon bout de tempsa good while, quite some timeun (petit) bout de chou/zan (informal)a little kidun petit bout de femme (informal)a mere slip of a womanun petit bout dhomme (informal)a mere scrap of a manà bout de brasat arms lengthà bout carrà ©square-tippedà bout de courseon its/ones last legs(tech) at full-strokeà bout de forcesexhausted, worn outà bout de lià ¨gecork-tippedà bout de soufflebreathless, out of breathà bout rondround-tippedà bout portantpoint-blankà bout de soufflebreathless, out of breath; on its last legsà tout bout de champall the time, at every opportunityau bout deat the end/bottom of; afterau bout du compteall things consideredau bout du filon the other end of the telephoneau bout dun momentafter a whilebout à boutend to endde bout en boutfrom one end to the otherdu bout dewith the ends ofdu bout des doigtswith ones fingertipsdu bout des là ¨vresreluctantly, half-heartedlydun bout à lautrefrom one end to the other, from start to finishdun bout à lautre de lannà ©eall year longen bout deat the end/bottom ofen bout de courseon its/ones last legs; ultimatelyjusquau bout(right) to the endjusquau bout des onglesthrough and through, right to ones fingertipssur le bout deon the tip ofsen aller par tous les bouts (informal)to be falling apartapplaudir du bout des doigtsto clap half-heartedlyconnaà ®tre un bout de (informal)to know a thing or two aboutà ªtre à boutto be exhausted; to be angry, out of patienceà ªtre à bout deto be out ofà ªtre au bout de ses peinesto be out of the woods; to have no more troublesà ªtre au bout du rouleau (informal)to be exhausted; to be running out of money; to be near deathfaire un bout de chemin ensembleto be together for a while (as a couple)joindre les deux boutsto make ends meetlire un livre de bout en boutto read a book cover to covermanger du bout des dentsto nibblemettre les bouts(fam) to skedaddle, scarpermontrer le bout de son nezto show ones face, peep around (the corner, door)parcourir une rue de bout en boutto go from one end of a street to the otherpointer le bout de son nezto show ones face, peep around (the corner, door)porter quelque chose à bout de brasto struggle to keep something goingpousser quelquun à boutto push someone to the limit / too farprendre quelque chose par le bon boutto handle/approach something the right waysavoir quelque chose sur le bout du doigt / des doigtsto know something inside and outtenir le bon bout (informal)to be on the right track; to be past the worst of somethingvenir à bout de nounto get through, succeed, overcome somethingvoir le bout du tunnelto see the light at the end of the tunnelÃâ¡a fait un (bon) bout (de chemin). (informal)Thats a long way.Ce nest pas le bout du mondeà !It wont kill you! Its not the end of the world!Commenà §ons par un bout.Lets get started / make a start.Le soleil montre le bout de son nez.The sun is (barely) out.On ne sait pas par quel bout le prendre.You just dont know how to handle/approach it.ââ¬â¹ On nen voit pas le bout.There doesnt seem to be any end to it. Mariah Mearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01682888464334498560noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3184663244434244961.post-31244938466650840742020-05-14T12:20:00.001-07:002020-05-14T12:20:03.772-07:00Primary and Secondary Sources Their Meaning in History The concept of ââ¬Ëprimaryââ¬â¢ and ââ¬Ësecondaryââ¬â¢ sources is key to studying and writing history. A ââ¬Ësourceââ¬â¢ is anything that provides information, from a manuscript where words tell you things to clothes that have survived centuries and provide details on fashion and chemistry. As you can imagine, you cant write history without sources as you would be making this up (which is good in historical fiction, but rather problematic when it comes to serious history.) Sources are usually divided into two categories, primary and secondary. These definitions would be different for the sciencesà and the below apply to the humanities. Its worth learning them, they are vital if youre taking exams. Primary Sources A ââ¬ËPrimary Sourceââ¬â¢ is a document that was written or an object which was created, in the time period in which you are working. A ââ¬Ëfirst handââ¬â¢ item. A diary can be a primary source if the author experienced the events they recall, while a charter can be a primary source of the act it was created for. Photographs, while beset with problems, can be primary sources. The key thing is they offer a direct insight into what happened because they were created at the time and are fresh and closely related. Primary sources can include paintings, manuscripts, chancellery rolls, coins, letters and more. Secondary Sources A ââ¬Ë Secondary Sourceââ¬â¢ can be defined in two ways: it is anything about a historical event which was created using primary sources, and/or which was one or more stages removed from the time period and the event. A ââ¬Ësecond handââ¬â¢ item. For instance, school textbooks tell you about a time period, but they are all secondary sources as they were written later, usually by people who werenââ¬â¢t there, and discuss the primary sources they used when being created. Secondary sources frequently quote or reproduce primary sources, such as a book using a photograph. The key point is that the people who made these sources are relying on other testimony rather than their own. Secondary sources can include history books, articles, websites like this one (other websites might be a primary source to ââ¬Ëcontemporary historyââ¬â¢.) Not everything ââ¬Ëoldââ¬â¢ is a primary historical source: plenty of medieval or ancient works are secondary sources based on now lost primary sources, despite being of great age. Tertiary Sources Sometimes you will see a third class: the tertiary source. These are items like dictionaries and encyclopedias: history is written using both primary and secondary sources and shrunk down to the basic points. Weve written for encyclopedias, and tertiary is not a criticism. Reliability One of the primary tools of the historian is the ability to study a range of sources and assess which is reliable, which suffers from bias, or most commonly which suffers from the least bias and can be best used to reconstruct the past. Most history written for school qualifications uses secondary sources because they are effective teaching tools, with primary sources introduced and, at a higher level, as the dominant source. However, you canââ¬â¢t generalize primary and secondary sources as reliable and unreliable. There is every chance a primary source can suffer from bias, even photographs, which are not safe and must be studied just as much. Equally, a secondary source can be produced by a skilled author and provide the best of our knowledge. Itââ¬â¢s important to know what you need to use. As a general rule the more advanced your level of study the more youll be reading primary sources and making conclusions and deductions based on your insight and empathy, rather than using secondary works. But if you want to learn about a period quickly and efficiently, selecting a good secondary source is actually best. Mariah Mearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01682888464334498560noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3184663244434244961.post-77389159033624964222020-05-06T15:12:00.001-07:002020-05-06T15:12:08.598-07:00Is Media Violence Pernicious - 983 Words Is Media Violence Pernicious? In recent decades, the emergence of television and the internet have made information and entertainment alike more accessible than ever before. By extension, this increased availability encompasses violent entertainment as well. As access has risen, media violence has become a rather contentious issue. There is currently a stark division surrounding the topic between those who believe that violent media is pernicious, and those who believe it is harmless, or even cathartic. I have always found this schism rather baffling; personally, I believe that the topic attracts too much attention, and that conversation and efforts at regulation are better spent elsewhere. Though it may seem somewhat counterintuitive, that is precisely why I decided to research the issue further. In this essay I will explore the potential risks or benefits associated with consuming violent media, and any potential behavioral correlations. There is overwhelmingly more research concer ned with potential negative consequences of violent media than potential positive ones. Despite this, no definitive causal link has been established between simulated violence and actual violence. However, there is some evidence supporting the view that violent media is linked to negative psychological traits. One such example is a widely peer reviewed, 2003 study that evaluated college age adults for aggression and hostility prior to and after exposure to music with graphic lyrics (Anderson etShow MoreRelatedYouth and the Media Essay1247 Words à |à 5 PagesYouth and the Media A major stepping stone in the path of contemporary youth is that of the media and itââ¬â¢s all to often fatalistic, unfavourable and adverse representation of todayââ¬â¢s youth. 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Although the mass media jumped to blame the tragedy on violent video games and music, most local sources mentioned that Harris and Klebold had constantly been the victims of bullies, some of whom were among the deceased. The media quickly picked up the trail and led with their new story: victims of bullying had brutally fought back against their tormentors. AppropriatelyR ead MoreEssay on Menace II Society: Catching Up With You1424 Words à |à 6 Pagesabout ghetto lifeâ⬠(Chicago Reader). Menace II Society is a 1993 drama that expounds on practical social issues of the black community encountered on a diurnal basis, and how those social issues are broadcasted deceptively and insincerely within mass media. With the amalgamated talents of directors Albert and Allen Hughes, alongside entertainers suchlike: Tyrin Turner (Kaydee ââ¬Å"Caineâ⬠Lawson), Jada Pinkett-Smith (Ronnie), Larenz Tate (Kevin ââ¬Å"O-Dogâ⬠Anderson), and so forth, Menace II Society was granted Mariah Mearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01682888464334498560noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3184663244434244961.post-80956252120235409612020-05-05T16:50:00.001-07:002020-05-05T16:50:19.543-07:00Product Portfolio Strategic Marketing- Click Here to Get Solution Question: This assignment has been designed to allow students the opportunity to explore the underlying importance of marketing and a marketing philosophy within organisations, and to society as a whole. Assessment Task Most organisations offer more than one product or service..The advantage here is that the various products the product portfolio can be managed so that they are not all in the same phase in their life cycles. Having products evenly spread across life cycles allows for the most efficient use of both cash and human resources. Answer: Introduction Nokia Corporation is a multinational organization wander, aimed on going on things and relationship in the remote information trades, data progress and wired business winds. Head office situated in Keilaniemi, Espoo, Finland. The company is one of the snappiest making relationship in the world. In a matter of seconds, they consist of more than 120,000 masters throughout the planet with yearly wage of 52 billion up to 2008. The organization at present makes a wide amassing of cell phones and PDAs despite a humble social event of beautification despite focusing on mobile phones and IT contraptions, Nokia as well offers mechanized colleague data, course affiliations, and Internet affiliations. Nokia is the second most basic adaptable shipper by complting 85.3 million oders in 4Q 2012, after Samsung who achieved 105.5 million oder shipment. Amidst that time, Samsung and Nokia charged the industry bit of the general business which were 22% and 18%, only. Offending having an unending chang e of total business transactions in 2012s last quarter. The company has encountered a networking loss for goodness' sake considered 3,106 million. As appeared by the statement of Nokia's mission, they plan to overhaul connection among versatile phone customers clearing. The organization continues with their aim to go on noticeable contraptions that offer entry to a wide game-plan of occupations and lovely parties. The company does not simply offer applications to its remote contraptions before long, in like route for its Internet-associated with segment phones which offer the best wide experience and regard suggestion. Product Portfolio Managing theincreasing amount of trafficon our system of lines and staying connected in the quickly changing industry landscape is a huge challenge. Above that, we have to handle our functions and keep record of the business (Doorasamy, 2015).No matter its the newest network technology, or procedures to help usmanage our business better organized way, our products might help us to stay competitive and growing revenue. Nokia Networks offerings? Customer Experience Management (CEM) Gain awholly, actual viewof our subscribers,and turning this perspective into aimed actionsthat make the experience of the customer better and drive loyalty and profitability (Nokia down on networks; but up on handsets, 2001). Developed Packet core Prime our networks for theintense display in data and signaling jamin mobile networks. Convergence/ IMS Provide a smooth developing path regarding anall-IP corewith IMS as the main controller of demand for LTE networks offering multimedia and voice services. Mobile broadband Operations Support Systems (OSS) Smart OSS helps you function your network to make certain better experience of customer in a cost-effective way. IP Partner products Leverage the correct skills, solutions and partners to sustain yourIP transformation process. 7. Subscriber data management Unlock the worth of customer data. Transport networks Get the quickest connectionsaround mobile and fixed environments to effectively manage explosive growth of traffic. Customer Experience Management (CEM) High Quality, High Price Evolved Packet core High Quality, Low Price Convergence/ IMS High Quality, High Price Mobile broadband Low Quality, High Price Operations Support Systems (OSS) High Quality, Low Price IP Partner products Low quality, Low Price Subscriber data management High Quality, Low Price Transport networks Low Quality, High Price Product Life Cycle Product life cycle of a brand is an essential thought in publicizing. It delineates the platform a product experiences from since it was at first taken in to consideration until it at last is expelled from the business division. Not all products finish this last step. Some proceed to make and others rise and fall (Susman, 1994). Stages Time Duration Introduction 1995-2002 Growth 2002-2009 Maturity 2009-2011 Decline 11-Till Now Figure 1 Introduction Stage (1995-2002) Launched very few models because of less demand. Both CDMA and GSM phones were sold. Launched its 1st model Nokia 2110 with Nokia tune as ringtone. It was the first model of receiving and sending SMSs. Competed with Motorola the market leader of that time. Nokia went along Price Skimming Policy (Nokia commits to single joint venture, 2003). Nokia almost never followed any discount policy, it gave a generous amount of backend to the retailers. Able to move factors of the mobile attracted the buyers without any marketing schemes. Growth Stage (2002-2009) Growth Rate 1120% Started phones without any external antenna, had much better features such as alarms, ergonomic keypads, games, etc. Models such as Nokia 3315 3310 marked the starting of the growth stage. Nokia also launched N95 to outperform other phones (Salonen and Gabrielsson, 2012). Followed Price Skimming Strategy in initial growth stage. As popularity and profits increased prices were slashed up to 5000 rupees for models like 3310 and 3315. Afterwards on in the upcoming years the company adopted the Price Penetration Strategy. Postpaid connections were given free with Nokia phones. Persons who owned Pager when bought Nokia phones discounts on postpaid tariffs were given. Dealers and wholesalers got a large Maturity Stage (2009-2011) Growth rate 45% Nokia launched a few touch screen models, launched QWERTY keypad models and focused on E series models to compete with Blackberry. Attractive, good and secured packaging was started during the period. Followed Price Penetration Strategy for continuing growth (Rodrigues, Maccari and Lenzi). Launched models ranging from 1000 to 25000. Often reduced prices of low end models for competing with LG, Micromax, etc. When purchasing N8 with Nokia Bluetooth stereo headset combo offers were given. Sennheiser headset was given free with selected models. Scratch cards were offered to the customers to avail instant discount. Decline Stage (2011-Till Now) Growth Rate 62% Symbian Os was upgraded with 3 Belle. The organization shifted focus towards making windows as its main OS. Launched its first Windows phone and gave Symbian to only low end models (Nokia touchscreen creates texture illusion, 2010). Continuation of Price Penetration Strategy was done as companys profit declined due to close competition from Samsung Micromax, etc, had mobiles ranging from 1000 to 30000. Lowering in price also lead to downfall in quality. Company distributed freebees like wrist watches a t-shirts with the product logos, retailers were also encouraged for sailing Lumia phone by giving them extra incentives for the sale. Pricing Decision in context of PPM and PLC Pricing during introduction stage Nokia followed Price Skimming Policy. Nokia almost never followed any discount policy, it gave a good sum of backend to the wholesalers. Mobility factors of the mobile attracted the buyers without any schemes for promotion. Pricing during Growth Stage Followed Price Skimming Strategy in initial growth stage. As popularity and profits increased prices were slashed up to 5000 rupees for models like 3310 and 3315. Later on in the coming years Nokia adopted the Price Penetration Strategy. Postpaid connections were given free with Nokia phones. Persons who owned Pager when bought Nokia phones discounts on postpaid tariffs were given. Dealers and retailers got a large amount of backend profit top increase the sale and drive growth. Pricing during Maturity Stage Attractive, good and secured packaging was started during the period. Followed Price Penetration Strategy for continuing growth. Launched models ranging from 1000 to 25000. Often reduced prices of low end models for competing with LG, Micromax, etc, When purchasing N8 with Nokia Bluetooth stereo headset combo offers were given. Sennheiser headset was given free with selected models. Scratch cards were gifted to the consumers to get instant discount. Pricing during Decline Stage Price Penetration Strategy was continued as companys profit declined due to tough fight from Samsung Micromax, etc, Had mobiles ranging from 1000 to 30000. Lowering in price also lead to downfall in quality. Company distributed freebees like wrist watches and t-shirts with the product logos, retailers were also encouraged for sailing Lumia phone by giving them extra incentives for the sale. Competition In the present situation Nokia Networks considers five affiliations Ericsson, Alcatel-Lucent, Samsung, Huawei, and ZTE to be its standard adversaries as fundamental versatile structure establishment suppliers. Nokia Networks in like path fights with IT relationship, for instance, Cisco Systems and Oracle (Nokia outsources for first time, 2001). The actuated wireless working system Android, Google released in 2008, changed into another business piece change. The actuated mobile phone storm drove by iPhone and Android has ended up being business division standard. Curiously, Nokia excluded the basic position of the cellular telephone bit of the pie, the masterminding dropped to the third. Also obnoxious, Nokia's offer of the pushed cell market in 2011 has dropped from 33% in 2010 to not totally a quarter far lower than Apple and Samsung. As displayed by the versatile Internet customers' behavior research study in 2012 done by CNNIC, half of Nokia's remote customers anticipated that wou ld buy pushed cell later on, of which overwhelming part picked the Android structure, and an area picked IOS system. Gigantic customer trading assembled that the destiny of Nokia's cell telephone bit of the general business would move diminish, Nokia was testing how to take after new customers, and moreover how to hold the old customers (Nokia outsources for first time, 2001). Examination Consulting's report released in December 2012 exhibited that for the secretly run organization locale of telephone arrangements, Samsung changed into the business part pioneer took after by Apple, HUAWEI, Lenovo and HTC took after. External and Macro-Level Effects Common checking is the viewing, assessing, and diffusing of data from the outside and inward environment to key individuals inside the endeavor or association. Consistent reviewing is a strategy for get-together, dissecting, and coordinating data for imperative or essential purposes. The ecological assessing process incorporates securing both legitimate and subjective data on the business circumstances in which an affiliation is working or considering entering(Lodhia, 2007). There are three modes by which affiliations channel their surroundings: o particularly designated checking - short term, extraordinary examinations if all else fails started by an emergency: affiliations break down it environment as an aftereffect of emergency that is affecting the relationship as of now and separate the circumstance to know whether the issue is internal or outside; Strategic Environmental sifting and affiliation execution in a Competitive Business most to an incredible degree careful affiliation s can see environment checking as an endeavor that ought to be done in many cases and in light of current circumstances, a broad portion of such affiliations do it dependably; steady checking in like way got interminable learning persistent sorted out information collecting and anticipating a sweeping degree of ordinary variables(Draper, 2006). Application of SWOT analysis is a yield of the inside and outside environment is a significant part of the key arranging process. Organic segments inside to the firm generally speaking can be named qualities (S) or insufficiencies (W), and those outside to the firm can be doled out open entryways (O) or dangers (T)(Composites industry gets SWOT analysis, 2001). Such an examination of the key environment is suggested as a SWOT examination. The SWOT examination gives data that is significant in sorting out the association's advantages and capacities to the connected with environment in which it works. In light of current circumstances, it is instrumental in system listing and determination. Application of PESTLE analysis is an impairment examination stays for Political, Economic, Social-social, and Technological examination and portrays a game-plan of full scale environmental sections used as a part of the trademark detaching fragment of key affiliation. It is a part of the outside examination when driving a noteworthy examination or doing quantifiable thinking about, and gives a chart of the different full scale typical bits that the alliance needs to consider. It is an imperative key instrument for appreciation business fragment change or rot, business position, potential and course for operations(Srdjevic, Bajcetic and Srdjevic, 2012). The making enormity of normal or regular fragments in the rule decade of the 21st century have offered move to green business and engaged in all cases use of an upgraded assortment of the PEST structure. Creation Political variables regard how and to what degree a speaking to body plead for somebody in the economy. Especially, politica l fragments join spaces, for example work law, charge plan, trade containments, consistent law, charges, and political security. Political parts may furthermore join things and affiliations which the affiliation needs to give or be given and those that the social event does not have any yearning to be given. Besides, have staggering result on the thriving, arranging, and nations base. Budgetary fragments join cash regarding change, exchange rates, credit costs and the headway rate. These variables affect how affiliations function and pick. Effect on PPM PLC Environment filtering is the course of action of managing the estimation, projection and assessment of changes in the specific environment variables. By a long shot by a long shot the greater part of the affiliation today are making fluctuating sorts of structures that will control them in their business surroundings, and this must be refined through the examination of the earth. It's passed on some centrality to ecological taking a gander at as takes after the earth is skilled in nature, subsequently isolating is crucial to stay instructed concerning transform; it uncovers the parts or pieces that constitute risks and chance to the general centers of the association together; contender's exercises can be watched and fitting systems set up to check market obstruction; it gives noteworthy inputs to the demonstrating and execution of strong driving procedures(Machine monitoring with PLC support, 1993). Influence of PPM PLC on product development Nokia has a long obligation in driving Life Cycle Assessments or LCAs and has done standard effect examinations since the reason for meeting of the 1990's. They have perpetually updated our assessments, including structures and stock information, to change them to better outline our things. By and large Nokia has guided new frameworks as they have been passed on and have could be accessible(Peltola and Mkinen, 2014). Beginning late Nokia has partaken in the Directorate General for the Environment's street attempting of Product Environmental Footprint control other than in the pilot test by Directorate General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology to test the distinctive methodology to audit the centrality use and nursery gas arrivals of ICT. LCA is a key contraption as it gives a quantitative purpose for measuring supportability. At Nokia, LCA is utilized for event to figure the common effect of things and exercises and looking over and seeing the crucial execution after some time. The key focus of the system is to diminish the ordinary effect by managing the genuine affiliation process. The possible results of the LCAs are utilized inside to see the key stages in the thing life cycle, for event where the best wellsprings of discharges and vitality use by system for telephone life cycle happen, and to make a move to minimize these effects(Cooper, Godwin and Hall, 2007). Despite the way that remotely Nokia just gives regular change effect and centrality use stock information, other basic effect sales are considered inside in key activity to maintain a strategic distance from weight moving to different classes. Selecting the basic effect classes for particular things should be finished with enough learning and data to back the choice up. Figuring even only the nursery gas or GHG discharges for our things requires wide work and research in light of the multifaceted method for our things and long and complex supply chains. Length of Nokias PLC The basic cellphone of Nokia entered individuals' tenure as a contraption of connecting, and was shockingly devoted to phone rings to be made for the nonattendance of settled phone. On that day, individuals could in no way, shape or form at all, by any methods, envision regarding they could utilize mobile phones to listen to any kind of music, view recordings, Internet surfing, redirections of play and even go shopping(Cooper, Steinbock and Lowenstein, 2001). As time goes on, with the movement and change of science and change, mobiles showed up in individuals' life, organized solid machine was not gifted to satisfy the new needs of individuals, cell phones producers started to handle that mobiles must be upgraded. Right when the mobile phone was standard in the business range distinctive years back, the more focal bit of customers gave cautious thought to the believable eat up of mobiles, for occasion, life of the battery and cell phones' drop number in relationship of the budgetary level cutoff, their buy practices were including all the all the moreover driving forward, target and veritable; in any case, individuals' remuneration ended up being essentially in twenty-first century, purchasing remote was no more as purposely beginning now, mobiles was more considered as joy contraptions, the buy conduct is more vivacious and activity. No ifs ands or buts, even with the redesigns of the business part and client request, Nokia still got the headway sorted out and thing arranged structures to control the movement of things, kept supporting the general properties of Nokia mobiles anomalous for event, the company was trying to create its cell phone which will be difficult to broken, then abused better approaches to manage regulate direct open up its life of the battery cross, and built up the pixel of cellular telephones to play out the cameras' standard(Cooper, Steinbock and Lowenstein, 2001). The heads concentrate on things and change a ton, checking on the last f ocus to remissness that the essentials of buyers have changed with the business division showing specific qualities. Essential power that wasn't set up on client's impact lead the company not just to divide itself from the business division, slight the authentic wants of purchasers, other than to do much sit still work. Customer Segments of the Nokias PLC Past picking which bits of the business part it will concentrate on, the association must settle on a quality proposal on how it will make pulled back worth for centered pieces and what positions it needs to join into those sections. A thing's position is the way the thing is depicted by clients on central qualities the spot the thing has in purchasers' brains concerning taking up with things. Things are made in the moved office, brands are made in the mind. Nokia is unmistakably using Differentiation system, which is a mixture of high division ground and target scope clearing(Haneef et al., 2014). Bunch in the showcasing mix for the Nokia 820 occurs in the Product and Price portions of the pushing mix. Nokia Lumia 920 is additionally bound, yet just a small part of the showcasing mix. Moreover the cost of the 920 is smaller and mid-related for the business section, it is not left alone. The mobiles are pulled once more from its marketers in the Product portion of the showcasing mix with their non- physical and physical properties. The real traits of the 820 and 920 are the approach of the thing other than the varying tones that are amped up for the buyers. The shades present customization for the device and differentiate the things from foes, for case, Apple and Samsung. The two affiliations routinely offer their mobiles in only two shades. The device is limit in a non-physical method through the organization's connection with Microsoft. The first to make a cellular telephone running Windows programming is Nokia, and now it is driving a more perceptible number of Windows phones than any of its foes. The Lumia1020 is other than separated by its innovative degrees of movement, for case, its dynamic camera. Nokia 920 and 820 both offer distant charging, which is another and innovative contribution for the Indian business zone(Haneef et al., 2014). Conclusion Nokia's focal target is to recuperate its drive position in the telephone market. The affiliation sees most urgent potential for finishing its objective in the relationship with Microsoft. As showed up by the earth examination the huge issue for the collaboration is the danger from existing adversaries. Apple Inc and Samsung are the business part pioneers, association with innovative things and shocking impelling technique. Apple is using apportioning framework while showing its things, and Samsung is using division technique for the lion's offer of its things except for its lead contraption. Nokia has made some spellbinding things in the Lumia game-plan, with amazingly huge influences and bewildering game-plans. However the business division achievement of these things has not been so sensational and Nokia did not finish its goal of changing into a business region pioneer in Europe. As showed up by the examination the clarification behind this isn't right usage of showcasing system and especially issues with the organizing of the things. References Composites industry gets SWOT analysis. (2001).Materials Today, 4(3), p.21. Cooper, J., Godwin, C. and Hall, E. (2007). Modeling process and material alternatives in life cycle assessments.Int J Life Cycle Assess, 13(2), pp.115-123. Cooper, R., Steinbock, D. and Lowenstein, R. (2001). The Nokia Revolution: The Story of an Extraordinary Company That Transformed an Industry.Foreign Affairs, 80(6), p.176. Draper, H. (2006). Strategic Environmental Assessment in Action.ENP, 8(02). Haneef, Z., Raza Rizvi, S., Madni, H., Khakwani, A. and Rizwan, M. (2014). Customer Loyalty of Nokia Mobiles; an Empirical Study Conducted In Pakistan.JSR, 5(1). Nokia down on networks; but up on handsets. (2001). III-Vs Review, 14(8), p.6. Nokia outsources for first time. (2001). III-Vs Review, 14(9), p.4. Lodhia, P. (2007).A macro level environmental performance comparison. Machine monitoring with PLC support. (1993).NDT E International, 26(1), p.48. Peltola, T. and Mkinen, S. (2014). Influence of the Adoption and Use of Social Media Tools on Absorptive Capacity in New Product Development.Engineering Management Journal, 26(3), pp.45-51. Srdjevic, Z., Bajcetic, R. and Srdjevic, B. (2012). Identifying the Criteria Set for Multicriteria Decision Making Based on SWOT/PESTLE Analysis: A Case Study of Reconstructing A Water Intake Structure.Water Resour Manage, 26(12), pp.3379-3393. Gadiesh, Orit, Dan Haas, and Geoffrey Cullinan. "Getting The Price Right".Strategy Leadership29.4 (2001): 27-31. Web. Lehr, William. "Mobile Broadband And Implications For Broadband Competition AndAdoption".SSRN Electronic Journaln. pag. Web. "Millipore Adds To Product Portfolio".Membrane Technology2005.8 (2005): 4. Web. Doorasamy, M. (2015). Product Portfolio Management: An Important Business Strategy. Foundations of Management, 7(1).Rodrigues, Leonel Cezar, Emerson Antonio Maccari, and Fernando Cesar Lenzi. "Innovation Strategy For Business To Business Market Penetration".IBR5.2 (2012): n. pag. Web. Salonen, A. and Gabrielsson, M. (2012). The Challenge of Multinational Corporation (MNC)-Led Growth and Internationalization: The Case of Nokia-Dependent Suppliers. Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing, 19(2), pp.147-173. Susman, Gerald I.Product Life Cycle Management. Hamilton, Ont.: Society of Management Accountants of Canada, 1994. Print. Mariah Mearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01682888464334498560noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3184663244434244961.post-12207900827469050322020-04-08T01:22:00.001-07:002020-04-08T01:22:02.205-07:00Crimes Of The Heart Essays - Crimes Of The Heart, Crime's Of The Heart Crimes of the Heart A-D A. Where is the play? 1. Hazlehurst, Mississippi USA 2. The scenes take place in the home of the Magrath sisters. (Actually it's their grandfather's house, but it is cared for and inhabited primarily by Lenny Magrath.) 3. The house is old, the exact age and condition is not described. B. When is the play? 1. The play takes place in the summer sometime during the late 19 70's to early 1980's. 2. The play takes place soon after the birthday of Lenny Magrath, which has a special significance to the characters. C. Who is in the play? 1.The 3 Magrath sisters, Lenny, Babe, and Meggy, are the main cluster of characters. The other three characters are Chick, a Magrath cousin, Barnette, Babe's attorney, and Doc Porter, an old friend of Meg and Lenny. A character that is often talked about is Granddaddy, yet he is never seen. 1. The Magrath sisters complete the different portions that fufill society's image of an ordinary woman. Each of these women play the roles that a normal woman plays such as wife, mother, daughter, and sister. Barnette is a lawyer who is defending Babe, whom he is infatuated with. Doc Porter is a father of two and a husband who once wanted to be a doctor, who now apparently owns a small ranch, he also spent time as a house painter. Granddaddy is an old man who is in the hospital. 2. It seems that all the characters have a mutual respect for each other, aside from Chick who has strong opinions concerning Meg. As I have mentioned the character of Barnette is infatuated with Babe. Babe and Lenny both feel that Meg has always been treated better by their Grandmother and Grandfather. 3. Lenny has a poor self image. 4. The Characters all live in a democratic nation. 5. The characters pay no attention to religion, it is rarely mentioned in the play. 6. The prevailing attitudes of the characters are that family is important, sex is not considered a bad thing. They seem to consider anything that can be rationally justified as ethical. They seem to live within these attitudes quite peacefully. D. What Happened before the play began? 1. Long before the play began the Magrath sisters' mother apparently hung herself along with the her cat. 2. After the mothers death the grandparents took custody of the girls. 3. The grandmother died. 4. The Magrath sisters were taken care of by the grandfather solely after that. 5. Meg abandoned Doc Porter in Biloxi during a hurricane. 6. Babe Married Botrelle. 7. Lenny met her man from Memphis. 8. Babe shot Botrelle. 9. Lenny wired Meg telling her to come home. Mariah Mearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01682888464334498560noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3184663244434244961.post-56901113051076982742020-03-09T07:10:00.001-07:002020-03-09T07:10:02.370-07:00Examine how Shakespeare explores the role of women in Hamlet EssaysExamine how Shakespeare explores the role of women in Hamlet Essays Examine how Shakespeare explores the role of women in Hamlet Paper Examine how Shakespeare explores the role of women in Hamlet Paper Frailty, thy name is woman Hamlet famously exclaims in the first act of William Shakespeares longest drama, and one of the most probing plays ever to be performed on stage. It was written around the year 1600 in the final years of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, an era of real uncertainty and confusion; while the prospect of Elizabeths death and the question of who would succeed her brought grave anxiety to the nation as a whole, the rise of the Renaissance movement gave rise to many challenges and unanswered questions to the old ideals and beliefs that were for such a long time embedded in every Englishmans soul and mind. Women during that time had no role in society; traditionally, they occupied different spheres to men and so were expected to be completely obedient to their husbands, to do all the house duties and to raise their children up on the very same image of society at the time. In Hamlet, through the characters of Gertrude and Ophelia, Shakespeare reflects on this truth: both are disrespected, insulted, abused and manipulated by the leading male characters, and both die due to tragic circumstances. Thus, through the illustration of the two characters, Queen Gertrude and Ophelia, Shakespeare is able to explore the role of women in society, touching on many controversial contemporary issues under the mask of beautifully constructed lies of poetry and an unpredictable cycle of events, which tragically ends with the deaths of two of Shakespeares most infamous female characters. The use of Ophelia in Hamlet explores the idea of women as mere objects and pawns for others to use through the word love. Throughout the play, Ophelia is subjected to Hamlets abuse and madness as well as her own obedience to those of authority without real compensation or gratitude. The verbal abuse and manipulation that Hamlet puts Ophelia through as well as the ploy that Claudius and Polonius subject to her are examples of the extent to which men will use women in the name of love to benefit themselves. While such treatment would be shocking to a modern audience, in Shakespearean times the reality of the situation was, for most women, men did act in very much the same way Polonius does to his daughter Ophelia for example, or the way Hamlet treats his mother in the closet scene. One of the dramatic climaxes of the play, the closet scene provides an important insight into Gertrudes character and the way she, like Ophelia, is largely influenced by the male characters in the play. For Gertrude, the scene progresses as a sequence of great shocks, each of which weaken her resistance to Hamlets condemnation of her behaviour; she is haughty at the beginning, then afraid that Hamlet will hurt her, shocked and upset when Hamlet kills Polonius, overwhelmed by fear and panic as Hamlet accosts her and disbelieving when Hamlet sees the ghost. Finally, she is contrite towards her son and apparently willing to take his part and help him, having been convinced by Hamlets power of feeling. This illustrates what many critics have felt to be her central characteristic: her tendency to be dominated by powerful men and her need for men to show her what to think and how to feel. From this interpretation, it is easy to see why Gertrude would have turned to Claudius so soon after her husbands death, and also why she so quickly adopts Hamlets point of view in the closet scene. Moreover, it is perhaps due to her powerful instinct for self-preservation and advancement that leads Gertrude to rely too deeply on men. Not only does this interpretation explain her behaviour throughout much of the play, it also links her thematically to Ophelia, the plays other important female character, who is also submissive and utterly dependent on men. In act one scene three, almost as soon as Laertes finishes lecturing his sister about her sexuality, her father, Polonius gives Ophelia his advice about the matter as well. Here, Ophelia is what Feminist critic, Elaine Showalter, calls a consistent study in psychological intimidation, a girl terrified of her father, of her lover, and of life itself. In his movie Kenneth Branagh presents Ophelia as an intimidated victim. Polonius scoffs at Ophelias suggestion that Hamlets interest in her is romantic, and instead warns her that she had better not make him the grandfather of a bastard grandchild. Branagh shoots this scene in a chapel which in itself had overtones of patriarchal religion, sin, and guilt, but Branagh also chooses to film Ophelia and Polonius behind barred doors. This visualization helps convey how trapped by the men in her life Ophelia feels. Before she can scarcely vocalize them, Ophelias feelings are immediately negated by her brother and father, and worse, her fathers interests seem to lie less with his daughters feelings but more with his own reputation. In addition to the oppression and control exerted on her, Ophelia suffers from the Hamlets manipulation of her mentality. In some ways, it seems that he does it for simple pleasure and in other situations it seems he is simply trying to gain knowledge about the murder. In the confrontation with Ophelia, Hamlet is very abusive. He first claims that he never loved her and that the remembrances were not sent by him. His words Get thee to a nunnery: why wouldst thou be a breeder of sinners? some critics argue, reflects some of the true characteristics of Hamlet, and the men in this play in general: an ability to be cruel, which is brought out here with much emphasis. Hamlet then proceeds with, Wheres your father? which reveals his sense of unease about something and that he perhaps knows that he is being set up. Hamlet claims that he loves Ophelia, yet he criticizes and chastises her to such an extent that may have helped promote her madness. At the Mousetrap play, Hamlet is extremely vile. He talks of Nothing and the implications of the word are crude. To see also the extremes by which Hamlet treats Ophelia is overwhelming. Prior to the play, he insults her terribly and then compliments her at the play, No, good mother, heres metal more attractive (3. 2. 95), only to chastise her once again. Ophelia, being of a lower class, does nothing to escape this persecution and Hamlet seems to know this; he therefore plays off this, especially in the presence of Polonius and Claudius. One interpretation of the way Hamlet treats Ophelia at the Mousetrap play, and later on the way he deals with his mother in the closet scene, goes back to the idea of how women in the 17th century were treated like pawns at the hand of powerful men; thus the manipulation and verbal abuse of Hamlet as well as the plan of Claudius and Polonius can be seen as realities to the way that men will treat a women for the benefit of themselves. Contrary to this interpretation, some critics have argued that for Hamlet, the reality of the situation means that (he) must be their scourge and minister, meaning that he finds himself in a position whereby it is his responsibility to act as Gods agent punishing the wronged one and helping them to repent. While in his abuse of Gertrude in the closet scene, Hamlet can be seen to be Machiavellian in his cunning, wanting her to confirm her knowledge of Claudius crime or to see if she was complicit to it, a contrasting interpretation finds that Hamlet confronts his mother purely for personal reasons. In his need to convince her of his sanity, of Claudius guilt, and in his need of her love and care, Hamlet reprimands her to make her see reality the way he sees it. He feels anger for what he sees as her betrayal of his father, but in the end, having won her heart and in accordance with the Ghosts advice, he is tender and caring, asking of his mother: Forgive me this my virtue, and explaining his actions in the words I must be cruel only to be kind. In light of this view, it is not unforeseen to see a modern audience sympathising with Hamlet; not only has his father been murdered, but that the murderer himself is now married with his mother. Thus, in some way or another, Hamlets anger can be justified, and his caring attitude to his mother at the end of the closet scene can be seen as an indication of his love and respect for her despite all the events that have occurred. Gertrudes reaction to the events in this scene brings about much debate between critics and commentators of this play. Despite Gertrudes sobbing which links acts three and four together, we never get a translation of these profound heaves; Gertrude does not share a soliloquy with the audience and thus we have little sense of her as an individual. While some critics have seized on this as an example of how very little Shakespeare developed his female characters, others have seen it as a deliberate move to leave the characters and later events of the play ambiguous to the audience. As Linda Charnes says No one in this play knows or understands anyone else. Just as Gertrudes personality is left unclear throughout the play, the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan holds that the most striking characteristic of Hamlets language is its ambiguity: everything he says is transmitted, in various degrees, through metaphor, simile and, above all, wordplay. Despite his seven soliloquies and the very many lines he takes up from the play, his utterances, in other words, have a hidden and latent meaning which often surpasses the apparent meaning, leaving him just as ambiguous as any other character. In conclusion, in many of Shakespeares plays, women, though all from a variety of situations, play important roles that determine the conclusion of the plays. Hamlet is no exception; while it is easy to see Gertrude and Ophelia as fringe characters, a closer look finds that they impact the course of events in many ways, and are used by Shakespeare to echo many hidden messages about society of the time. Although much of her character is left undeveloped, Gertrude nevertheless has a significant impact on both the plot and theme of this play. Tragically, she drinks the poison from the cup Claudius prepares for Hamlet as a show of her love and sacrifice for her son. Yet, it is through this act that we begin to understand Gertrude as a deeply misconstrued character, who is seemingly shallow but is actually intense in her feelings and emotions but perhaps feels she has to hide them because of her position in society. We also begin to understand that her frailty or tragic flaw that ultimately leads to her death is perhaps her propensity to be controlled by powerful men and her need for men to show her what to think and how to feel. Whether this is as a result of a fault in her personality or as a consequence of decades of women being oppressed and degraded by the males of society we can never be sure: Shakespeare does not pass judgement here and instead leaves Gertrudes personality deliberately ambiguous prompting much debate and argument among critics throughout the last century. However subtle, Ophelia too plays a significant role riddled with control, grief and vulnerability. She is made mad not only by circumstance but by something in herself. A personality forced into such deep hiding that it has seemed almost vacant, has all the time been so open to impressions that they now usurp her reflexes and take possession of her. She has loved, or been prepared to love, the wrong man; her father has brought disaster onto himself, and she has no mother and thus she is terribly lonely. Thus, in many ways Ophelia is the quintessence of the impact societys mistreatment of women and the deprivation of their rights as human beings has on each and every one of them. In her meek conformity, she lives in a meaningless world until her madness relieves her of the responsibility of language and she can ignore the speech of everyone else and herself speak whatever gibberish comes into her mind says one critic, Zulfikar Ghose, she is very much like a delicate, wilted, flower ruled by the men in her life, Ophelia, like many women at the time, was never allowed to blossom. Mariah Mearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01682888464334498560noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3184663244434244961.post-50553117505020001012020-02-21T21:34:00.001-08:002020-02-21T21:34:02.143-08:00Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 8Human Resource Management - Essay Example It was only the people who could lead an organization in the right direction and could individually and collectively contribute to achievement of the business objectives (Armstrong, 1992) At present Human Resource management is a fast evolving field that has emerged as one of the focal points of any business. It is Human resource management that addresses the theoretical and practical techniques of managing a workforce. Many people have the perception that only job of the human resource management department is to consider present or upcoming job vacancies and fill them with suitable staff. Well, thatââ¬â¢s not entirely untrue but human resource management entails much more than hiring firing decisions. (Armstrong, 1992) HRM includes many different functions which contribute to organizational value in a variety of ways. Some of these functions also contribute by reducing risk. In this essay we will firstly examine the major HR functions and then consider the extent to which these functions add value and reduce risk. (Armstrong, 1992) It is important to understand that the role of HRM as a department varies from organization to organization and also between countries. For the sake of simplicity we will assume an organization where there is a significant HR department. Generally the department will be considered to have the following responsibilities: Resource Management refers to the recruitment and selection of employees within an organization. The importance of effective recruitment programs cannot be highlighted enough. The HR department is the entry point or the funnel which channels the most valuable resource of an organization, so it is important that it is aware of organizational needs and requirements and work in tandem with other departments. Therefore resource management remains to be HR departmentsââ¬â¢ key roles; newer concepts such as knowledge management are linked to Resource management as well. One important Mariah Mearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01682888464334498560noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3184663244434244961.post-24069956085055004912020-02-05T14:22:00.001-08:002020-02-05T14:22:02.735-08:00Canset crotec Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsCanset crotec - Essay Example He has performed all over the world in some of the most famous orchestras. Lucia Lin started playing at a young age which the Chicago Symphony orchestra. This is one of the most famous American orchestras. The violist, Steven Ansell plays with the Boston Symphony Orchestra. Michael. Michael Reynalds started with the Muir Quartet, 33 years of playing with the same group. Mendelssohns Quartet in A minor, Op 13 is one of 6 quartets that he wrote in his life time. Mendelssohn lived from 1809 to 1847. This particular quartet was written in 1827. It was written in the typical late classical style. The colors of the piece are romantic. The quartet does not end with a finale but with a question mark . The textures are like a quartet. He wrote this one the year Beethoven died. He was only 18 years old There is a classical style with 4 movements. The tempo starts with an adagio and goes to an allegro to an andante and finishes with an adagio. Within the four movements, there are many variations. The first movements starts slowly and the last ends slowly which is with a romantic flair. He is ending on a question mark. Beethovens influence is highly heard. The Dvorak Double Bass Quintet added a Bass instrument to the quartet. "This is one of Dvorak earlier and unknown of pieces" as spoken by the bass player when he explained more about the piece. We never learn his name. The cello becomes freer as he is no longer obliged to be accompany the other instruments. He becomes a soloist. There are times the cellist plays with the first violinist as a duet in the first movement. This is really interesting for a quintet, the viola and the bass start with a 5 note theme that is repeated throughout the whole first movement, either in the 5 note theme or harmony or variations of rhythm. Antoin Dvorak wrote this piece later in his career 1876. It is more in the classical quartet style of 4 movements than Mendelssohn but the orchestration is Mariah Mearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01682888464334498560noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3184663244434244961.post-35541509938970557732020-01-28T09:31:00.001-08:002020-01-28T09:31:04.377-08:00Role of Hospitality Related OrganizationsRole of Hospitality Related Organizations AC 1.3 Assess the role of hospitality related organizations and professional bodies. This research is about the role of the hospitality related organizations and the professional bodies involved, it will also state the role of hospitality related organizations and professional bodies in the UK like the People 1st, British Hospitality Association, Institute of Hospitality and British Institute of Innkeepers, Springboard UK. An assessment of the role of the listed hospitality organization and professional bodies will be made then a conclusion will be drawn to about the above mention. Listed below are the roles of four hospitality related organizations and the professional bodies: People 1st Work with employers to implement solution to increase performance via people. Act as a means of accreditation for colleges and training providers to certify their training programs. People 1st support regional and local bodies growth plans, from destination organizations to councils and local enterprise partnerships (LEPs) says people1st.co.uk Helps with job opportunities and information (people1st.co.uk) British Hospitality Association Implement new polices that create new jobs. 5|Page Contribute to export earnings. Creates a competitive advantage for the UK. (British Hospitality Association, 2016) Institute of Hospitality Its an educational system which certifies students in all aspects of the hospitality sectors worldwide. Supports and approve the hospitality training. (instituteofhospitality.org) British Institute of Innkeepers Represent workers across the hospitality industry. Provide advice and support. Promote professional standards. (BII, 2016) Springboard UK Help youths to achieve their goal. Help people to find jobs. Promote hospitality and tourism. Provide learning outcome for teachers to make their classes Innovative. (springboard.uk.net) The hospitality industry is a very vast and growing industry with different sectors and millions of people working in it to make it function, organizations and professional bodies have been developed to help make this industry flow by engaging in training and certifying activities and to be the back-bone supporter of the people working in the industry. Some of these organization are springboard UK, British Institute of Innkeepers, Institute of Hospitality, British Hospitality Association and People 1st.The springboard UK is responsible for influencing the young people to achieve their goals and to help people of all ages to be employed, they also promote the hospitality and tourism industry (springboard.uk.net). Springboard UK is important as it act as a haven for not only young people bout allà ages so they can have a second chance. British Institute of innkeepers act as a union to support, help and give advice when every they need it, this body is exceptional because the workers need someone to help voice their opinion and problems (BII, 2016). Institute of hospitality is a charity organization that help people to be certified in any sector of their choice doing this promotes the hospitality industry and helps people who cant afford to attend a hospitality school (instituteofhospitality.org). Peoples 1st roles are to increase performance also act as a means of accreditation for hospitality schools doing this helps with job opportunities because upon hiring, companies want to know that the person they are hiring are well accredited (People1st.co.uk, 2016)). Conclusion In conclusion, the role of the organization and professional bodies are very much important to both the industry and the people and it plays a major role in the UK hospitality industry, with helping with job opportunities, training, accreditation for schools also being the voice of the people put it a set above, thus making this very vast industry more manageable. Mariah Mearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01682888464334498560noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3184663244434244961.post-9118043003043382682020-01-20T05:55:00.001-08:002020-01-20T05:55:03.359-08:00Healthier being a meat-eater or a vegetarian :: essays research papers Healthier being a meat-eater or a vegetarian There are many eating habits all around the world. Most people donââ¬â¢t decide what they want for their eating choice until they are the age where they can decide what they want, without causing any health problems. Children are deciding at a younger age that they donââ¬â¢t want to eat meat. Why is that? Do they know what eating meat could do to them, or do they do it because they donââ¬â¢t want to harm animals? There could be many reasons why children are now avoiding meat and changing their eating habits at a much younger age. More adults are realizing this and thinking- could I be healthier from not eating meat and becoming a vegetarian? à à à à à What the American culture is used to is eating three meals with a few snacks in between a day, and two out of the three meals usually involve eating meat. Most people donââ¬â¢t realize the risks of eating meat. Todayââ¬â¢s medical experts say that avoiding meat helps you avoid saturated fat. They have found out from studies that women who eat meat daily have a fifty percent greater risk of developing heart disease than vegetarian women and a sixty-eight percent greater risk in men (staff writer). People may not know about serious diseases meat can obtain such as, mad cow disease and foot-and-mouth disease. In the September 1999 issue of the Emerging Infectious Diseases, approximately 76 million food borne illnesses- resulting in 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths occur in the United States each year from improperly cooked or diseased meat (Licher). That is a lot! You can also get salmonella poisoning from meat. People think that the problems come from eating red meat and are opting for fish over steak, but new evidence proves that fish can cause health problems too, risks that canââ¬â¢t be cooked away. This is a growing problem called histamine poisoning (Peck). Children are learning at a younger age that they donââ¬â¢t like meat, maybe because they donââ¬â¢t like the taste, or maybe itââ¬â¢s because they have a fear of eating their favorite cartoon or movie hero. For example, the pig from the movie ââ¬Å"babeâ⬠. à à à à à The amount of people becoming vegetarians these days is growing. There are a few different types of vegetarians for example; the lacto-ovo vegetarian doesnââ¬â¢t eat any animal products except milk and eggs. Another type of vegetarian is the vegan, they exclude all animal products. Mariah Mearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01682888464334498560noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3184663244434244961.post-24732936021159972502020-01-12T02:19:00.001-08:002020-01-12T02:19:04.890-08:00British Wildlife EssayOutline of species along with related anatomy, handling considerations and rehabilitation, release requirements Skeletal system Although the deerââ¬â¢s skeletal system is very similar to a dog or catââ¬â¢s in terms of its basic structure, although there are some adaptations that they require in order to survive the wild. Deer have long necks which enable them to crane it so they can feed off low lying grass and other vegetation. Stefoff, R. (2007) Deer are prey animals and so they require adaptations that enable them to run fast and this is why they are ââ¬Ëugulatesââ¬â¢, (hoofed mammals). Ungulates walk on their ââ¬Ëungulisââ¬â¢ which is a tough outer plate of a hoof or toenail. When ungulates walk, their feet or digits do not come into contact with the ground but their hooves. Stefoff, R. (2007). This clever evolutionary asset is essential for speed. This is down to the biomechanics of how bodies move- the smaller the area that touches the ground with each stride, the greater the stride is which results in faster movement. Stefoff, R. (2007) Hooves are an extremely strong version of human fingernails strong enough not to break when under immense pressure i.e. when the deer is running. Stefoff, R. (2007).The strength of the hooves comes from the keratin which exists in thick sheets and keratin fibres which run in all directions Stefoff, R. (2007) Deer have a total of four toes on each foot. The middle two toes touch the ground and the outer two are elevated at the back, just above the hoof and are called dewclaws Stefoff, R. (2007). Metapodials in deer are elongated and form the lower part of the deerââ¬â¢s legs. In a deer, the femur and the humerus are short and thick in order to be able to anchor the large mass of muscle needed to propel them forward when running at high speed. Stefoff, R. (2007) Scent glands Seven glands are located on the body of a deer, scattered from head to toe to assist with communication amongst the herd and is how deer differentiate between one another (interspecies communication) Nickens, E. (2009). Deer scent is made up of scent glands and their urine. Stefoff, R. (2007) Deer use a technique called ââ¬Ëflehmenââ¬â¢; this is the act of curling back their upper lip and sucking in air. This is used to detect scents from other deer. Stefoff, R. (2007) Antler growth Antler growth is an interesting area of study which provokes questioning as to why antler growth is delayed until the start of puberty and secondly, mammalian organ regeneration. Antler growth only occurs in male deer and is delayed until the start of puberty at 5 ââ¬â 7 months old. No other mammal can regenerate an organ. The antlers of a 200-kg adult red deer may weigh as much 30 kg but take only 3 months to grow. Antlers are formed from pedicles; permanent bony horns on the frontal bone of the skull. Periosteal cells (Antlerogenic Periosteum) are collected in the distal parts of the cristae externae of the frontal bones. These are activated by rising androgen levels in the blood. Testosterone binds to specific sites on the AP which leads to trabecular bone being formed beneath the periosteum and a pedicle develops. There are four ossification stages in the formation of antlers in deer starting with ââ¬ËIntramembranous ossificationââ¬â¢; this is the proliferation of antlerogenic cells and differentiation into osteoblasts. Osteoblasts form trabecular in the cellular periosteum. This then leads to ââ¬Ëtransitional ossificationââ¬â¢, this initiates when pedicle reaches 5-10mm in height. Osseocartilaginous tissue is formed by the antlerogenic cells at the apical surface, which have undergone a change in differentiation pathway to form chondrocytes. The third stage is ââ¬Ëpedicle endochondral ossificationââ¬â¢ when chrondrogenesis takes place in the pedicle alone. The final ossification stage is ââ¬Ëantler endochondral ossificationââ¬â¢- antlerogenic cells maintain their chrondrogenic differentiation pathway until the very first antler has fully formed. Shiny velvet skin covering the distal end of the pedicle coincidences with antler formation. Un-branched antlers described as ââ¬Ëspikersââ¬â¢ elongate as a result of an endochondral process in the distal tip. (Deer antlers: a zoological curiosity or the key to understanding organ regeneration in mammals?) The first antler continues growing until the autumn rutting season where testosterone levels are increased once again. Cessation in longitudinal growth causes this endocrine change. Antler bone becomes fully mineralized and the overlying velvet sheds to reveal bare bone. A single unbranched antler is left attached to the pedicle until it is cast the following spring Deer antlers: a zoological curiosity or the key to understanding organ regeneration in mammals? Handling considerations The safest method of restraining/handling deer is to try to pull head to its flank, cover their head, hold the leg at the front and push the deer down onto the ground. This technique requires mastering so a well-trained person should only be allowed to do this. Deer bones are fragile so need to be cautious. Release requirements When it comes to releasing deer, a few things need to be kept in mind when choosing a location to release them. Deer need as much woodland cover as possible, especially with a male deer as they are very much territorial creatures. It is preferred to release a deer exactly where it was found. If this is not possible i.e. the deer was found in the middle of a road then it must be released no more than 1km from where it was found. Veterinary diagnosis and treatment Outline of condition, clinical signs and recommended treatment Roundworm is a condition commonly seen in deer. These are internal parasites that are found in the intestines and soak up nutrients from the animalââ¬â¢s diet which results in the sufferer becoming malnourished and weak because they are not getting the nutrients they require. The clinical signs of a deer with worms are very hard to detect because they are prey animals and must not show signs of weakness otherwise it would make them a target for predators. Often they wonââ¬â¢t show any signs until they are close to death. Should they show signs they would be lethargic, losing weight, scowering (lowering their head) and producing fluid faecal matter. Deer get stressed very easily and it would be unethical to try and capture them for treatment as it would be putting the person capturing the deer at risk as well as the deer as their skeletal systems are very fragile and is liable to shatter. Deer antlers are extremely dangerous because they are strong as well as being full of bacteria; deer use their antlers to fight and they also urinate on their antlers so it could infect a human quite severely. Treatment To treat worms in deer, Ivermectin ââ¬Å"spot onâ⬠is used and is placed on the back of the deerââ¬â¢s neck. It is applied at 2 week intervals and, once cleared it can then be applied monthly to prevent it recurring. Nursing requirements What are the nursing needs of this patient and condition etc Deer, ideally should be nursed in a barn or large enclosure and not kept in a veterinary practice. This is purely because they are dangerous animals and are likely to lash out or charge at humans when they feel provoked. Isolating the deer is ideal to prevent the worms passing onto other animals nearby and to avoid having to treat the others. Deer should not be isolated for too long as they can get stressed and this would not be an ethical thing to do. Discussion of legal and ethical considerations What legislation and ethical considerations are relevant Wildlife and countryside act 1981 Wildlife and natural environment (Scotland) Act 2011 References http://www.nyantler-outdoors.com/deer-anatomy.html Mariah Mearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01682888464334498560noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3184663244434244961.post-29157907335736751752020-01-03T22:41:00.001-08:002020-01-03T22:41:03.880-08:00Voices Of American Muslims By Linda Brandi Cateura Ferry terminals in New York normally have cabs that line up to transport arriving passengers to their destinations, but on a website called snopes.com rumor had it that in the early hours of September 11, 2001, nearly no cabs were available which suggests that Middle Eastern cab drivers had gotten an advanced notice of the attacks and that they should keep away from the area that morning (Snopes.com: No Taxis at WTC). This claim of there not being any taxi cabs around The World Trade Center the morning of the attacks is absolutely false and ridiculous. The individuals saying these things are not only stereotyping cab drivers being Muslims but also assuming that they all have ties to radical Islamic groups such as Al-Qaeda. In theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Muslims Americans became the enemy in their own country overnight, not just because of a shortage of information, but also misinformation, and media reports sharing only the negative stories about Muslim-Americans. Just because a particular group of Islamic people act a certain way doesn t mean that everyone who follows Islam acts in the same manor. People who believe that this is true judge all Muslims based on misconceptions, what they see in the media and lack of education on the religion. According to the article, Islamophobia, the author Carl Coon simply defines what Islamophobia in America is. He explains, Islamophobia is raising its ugly head in the US... it s beginning to metastasize into a virulent form of xenophobia, an eruption of the atavistic human tendency to pick sides and then if necessary fight to the death for the side one chooses, and to not reason why. His explanation is precise and is exactly the case. Islamophobia is developed when individuals pick sides against Islam without knowing much about the religion and/or its followers. Having heard about Muslims through things such as media and other people is not a good enough source to help one in choosing a side to stand by in a situation like this. A little less than fourteen years later these misconceptions about Muslims are still popular in the southern states of America. In the movie, The Muslims Are Coming! a group of Mariah Mearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01682888464334498560noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3184663244434244961.post-53164431542601979252019-12-26T19:08:00.001-08:002019-12-26T19:08:03.597-08:00Loving v. Virginia Is Marriage a Basic Civil Right Marriage is an institution created and regulated by the law; as such, the government is able to set certain restrictions on who can get married. But just how far should that ability extend? Is marriage a basic civil right, even though it is not mentioned in the Constitution, or should the government be able to interfere with and regulate it in any manner that it wants? In the case of Loving v. Virginia, the state of Virginia tried to argue that they had the authority to regulate marriage according to what a majority of the states citizens believed was the will of God when it came to what was proper and moral. Ultimately, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of an interracial couple who argued that marriage is a basic civil right that cannot be denied to people on the basis of classifications like race. Fast Facts: Loving v. Virginia Case Argued: April 10, 1967Decision Issued:à June 12, 1967Petitioner: Loving et uxRespondent: State of VirginiaKey Question: Did Virginias anti-miscegenation law banning interracial marriage violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment?Unanimous Decision: Justices Warren, Black, Douglas, Clark, Harlan, Brennan, Stewart, White, and FortasRuling: The court ruled that ââ¬Å"the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State.â⬠The Virginia law was in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. Background Information According to the Virginia Racial Integrity Act: If any white person intermarry with a colored person, or any colored person intermarry with a white person, he shall be guilty of a felony and shall be punished by confinement in the penitentiary for not less than one nor more than five years. In June, 1958 two residents of Virginia ââ¬â Mildred Jeter, a black woman, and Richard Loving, a white man ââ¬â went to the District of Columbia and were married, after which they returned to Virginia and established a home. Five weeks later, the Lovings were charged with violating Virginias ban on interracial marriages. On January 6, 1959, they pleaded guilty and were sentenced to one year in jail. Their sentence, however, was suspended for a 25 year period on the condition that they leave Virginia and not return together for 25 years. According to the trial judge: Almighty created the races white, black, yellow, malay and red, and he placed them on separate continents. And but for the interference with his arrangement there would be no cause for such marriages. The fact that he separated the races shows that he did not intend for the races to mix. Frightened and unaware of their rights, they moved to Washington, D.C., where they lived in financial difficulty for 5 years. When they returned to Virginia to visit Mildreds parents, they were arrested again. While released on bail they wrote to Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, asking for help. Court Decision The Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the law against interracial marriages violated the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the 14th Amendment. The Court had previously been hesitant to address this issue, fearing that striking down such laws so soon after striking down segregation would only further inflame resistance in the South to racial equality. The state government argued that because whites and blacks were treated equally under the law, there was therefore no Equal Protection violation; but the Court rejected this. They also argued that ending these miscegenation laws would be contrary to the original intent of those who wrote the Fourteenth Amendment. However, the Court held: As for the various statements directly concerning the Fourteenth Amendment, we have said in connection with a related problem, that although these historical sources cast some light they are not sufficient to resolve the problem; [a]t best, they are inconclusive. The most avid proponents of the post-War Amendments undoubtedly intended them to remove all legal distinctions among all persons born or naturalized in the United States. Their opponents, just as certainly, were antagonistic to both the letter and the spirit of the Amendments and wished them to have the most limited effect. Although the state also argued that they have a valid role in regulating marriage as a social institution, the Court rejected the idea that the states powers here were limitless. Instead, the Court found the institution of marriage, while social in nature, is also a basic civil right and cannot be restricted without very good reason: Marriage is one of the basic civil rights of man, fundamental to our very existence and survival. () ...To deny this fundamental freedom on so unsupportable a basis as the racial classifications embodied in these statutes, classifications so directly subversive of the principle of equality at the heart of the Fourteenth Amendment, is surely to deprive all the States citizens of liberty without due process of law. The Fourteenth Amendment requires that the freedom of choice to marry not be restricted by invidious racial discriminations. Under our Constitution, the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual and cannot be infringed by the State. Significance and Legacy Although a right to marry is not listed in the Constitution, the Court held that such a right is covered under the Fourteenth Amendment because such decisions are fundamental to our survival and our consciences. As such, they must necessarily reside with the individual rather than with the state. This decision is thus a direct refutation to the popular argument that something cannot be a legitimate constitutional right unless it is spelled out specifically and directly in the text of the U.S. Constitution. It is also one of the most important precedents on the very notion of civil equality, making clear that basic civil rights are fundamental to our existence and cannot legitimately be infringed upon simply because some people believe that their god disagrees with certain behaviors. Mariah Mearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01682888464334498560noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3184663244434244961.post-69864396400559227182019-12-18T14:57:00.001-08:002019-12-18T14:57:03.437-08:00Brave New World Research Paper - 1857 Words Brave New World by Aldous Huxley shows how scientific advances could and have destroyed human values. Huxley wrote Brave New World in 1932, and most of the technologies he examines in the book have, to some extent, turned into realities. He expresses the concern that society has been neglecting human-being distinction in the progression of worshipping technology. In the story there are no mothers or fathers and people are produced on a meeting line where they are classified before birth. They also use a drug called, soma, to control themselves which illustrate the lack of personal freedom. Everyone in the state world do whatever they were taught since they were growing. For example, one of the tasks they give people is sexuality which isâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Our civilization has chosen machinery and medicine and happiness. Thats why I have to keep these books locked up in the safe. Theyre smut. -Mustapha Mond (234). Instead of relying on fear to control the people and lettin g them choose from their own perspective, the government controls them through happiness; a fake happiness which is put into their heads as they grow up. In the novel, according to the World State, happiness is combined with stability. The basic goal of the brave new world is, supreme: the happiness of all, even if the consequences lead to the loss of freedom and free will. We can see how important it is for the state to improve happiness upon the people when Mustapha Mond says: The worlds stable now. People are happy; they get what they want, and they never want what they cant get. Theyre well off; theyre safe; theyre never ill; theyre not afraid of death; theyre blissfully ignorant of passion and old age theyre so conditioned that they practically cant help behaving as they ought to behave. And if anything should go wrong, theres soma. (220). The governments goal is to control people but it uses a very inhumane way. People arent experiencing what life is really about because the state wants to keep people away form questioning. The essay Brave New World Societys Moral Decline found in www.123helpme.com, talks about Huxleys beliefs and predictions of the future when he was writing the novel. Some of these, he believed wereShow MoreRelatedObjectification Of Women : Women1377 Words à |à 6 PagescResearch Paper Slavens ââ¬â¬1 Kayla Slavens Mrs. Wiest English 131 22 October 2014 Objectification of Women The objectification of women can simply be defined as ââ¬Å"seeing and/or treating a [women] as an objectâ⬠instead of a human being (Papadaki). 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The risk of the diseaseRead More Free Trade Agreement and Its Affect on Canadian Business Essay1327 Words à |à 6 Pagesstate. This paper will not take this approach to the issue of whether or not it is a wise agreement, but will look at what business can do to better itself with the existing FTA. If Canadian business is to survive and prosper in this radically changed North American and Global atmosphere of easier trading, then it must adapt. Some of the main areas that will have to be addressed is the need for more productive and efficient operations, a new focus by business on the new trading reality Mariah Mearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01682888464334498560noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3184663244434244961.post-54957188570209410732019-12-10T11:39:00.001-08:002019-12-10T11:39:04.939-08:00Information Systems for Functions - MyAssignmenthelp.com Question: Discuss about theInforation Systemsfor Administrative Functions. Answer: Most traditional business has lagged behind in the use of information technology. The use of computers in organizations, until recently, have been used primarily to automate business administrative functions. At present, many business functions including technical functions are conducted with the assistance of information communication technology. The most important part of information technology in an organization, is the utilization of the information systems which is necessary for use by majority of employees. As pointed out by Bryant, Black, Land, and Porra, (2013), information systems are necessary for the creation, reception, storage, maintenance and the distribution and communication of information within an organization. However, the users of information systems have depicted resistance to its use. This paper focuses on user resistance to an information systems and the factors that lead to the success of information systems in an organization. Reasons Behind user Resistance to Information Systems Among the many theories that try to explain the reason behind user resistance to information systems, are the ones related to social aspects. Workers reaction to the change in social interaction is part of the reason for the resistance to the information systems (Kishor, 2011). Most of the employees fear the loss of social interaction to fellow workers with the use of information systems. It is evident that employees are social in nature, they are a type of people that prefer to commute from office to office in the process of submitting documents and also to pass information. Having a chance to interact with fellow employees, give them a strong positive attitude towards work. However, the use of information systems in organizations limit this kind of social interaction among employees. The unnecessary cost which will be uncured by the users is also a cause for resistance. Most of the intended users of information systems have no or little knowledge in the use of information systems. As much as an organization try to give training on its uses, it is never enough. For this reason, the employees feel that they dont have the needed skills in handling the information systems thus may cost them their jobs (Davison, 2005).They therefore incur extra and unprecedented cost in private training for the use of information system. As much as it is undoubtedly true that information systems streamline the communication process of business as part information technology, means that many jobs have been lost. This is because information system requires only one person to handle a computer thus leaving out most of the employees. The fear of losing of jobs is another major cause of resistance to information systems. When the benefits of the information system are not clear to the user, it is likely that there will be resistance to the information systems (Alshawi and Arif, 2012). Users are a type of people who need to be given sufficient information so that they can be aware of the importance of information systems. Factors Influencing Information Systems Success in Organizations Information systems success continues to be one of the most interesting research areas. The understanding of the factors influencing the success of information systems in organizations is the most significant. One of the factors is the decision-making structure of an organization. The type of control methodology that an organization employ has an influence on the success of information systems success (Nu?ttgens et al., 2013). Centralized organization structure leads to the success of information system because it will lead to an effective end-user computing and also produce more strategic end user applications. Top management support is one of the influences of the success of any organization's operations. When the top management gives support for information systems, it means that there will be a successful deployment of information system applications. Also, the top management can provide funds for the training of employees so as to have sufficient skills to handle the information systems. According to Beynon-Davies, (2013), the incorporation of organizational goals and information technology goals is one factor that can lead to the success of information systems. To ensure that there is a success in information systems, an organization should ensure that the use information systems is linked to the overall plan of an organization. Management style is important in directing the way people will be directed in the achievement of company goals and objectives. Concerning information systems, people oriented managers ensure there is an interpersonal relationship among the employees. With such management style, a manager can relate with the employee through encouragement in all the stages regarding information system implementation and execution References Alshawi, M. and Arif, M. (2012).Cases on e-readiness and information systems management in organizations. 1st ed. Hershey, PA: Business Science Reference, p.159. Beynon-Davies, P. (2013).Business information systems. 2nd ed. Palgrave Macmillan, p.275. Bryant, A., Black, A., Land, F. Porra, J. 2013, "Information Systems history: What is history? What is IS history? What IS history? ... and why even bother with history?",Journal of Information Technology,vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 1-17. Davison, R. (2005).Information systems in developing countries : Theory and Practice. 1st ed. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press, p.204. Davison, R. (2005).Information systems in developing countries. 1st ed. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press, p.204. Kishor, V. (2011).Inter-Organizational Information Systems and Business Management: Theories for Researchers: Theories for Researchers. 1st ed. IGI Global, p.63. Nu?ttgens, M., Gadatsch, A., Kautz, K., Schirmer, I. and Blinn, N. (2013).Governance and Sustainability in Information Systems. Managing the Transfer and Diffusion of IT. 1st ed. Berlin: Springer Berlin, p.240. Mariah Mearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01682888464334498560noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3184663244434244961.post-30398347581436953612019-12-02T23:22:00.001-08:002019-12-02T23:22:04.128-08:00The Townshend Act Essays - British East India Company, The Townshend Act The Townshend Acts' repeal of the Stamp Act left Britain's financial problems unresolved. Parliament had not given up the right to tax the colonies and in 1767, at the urging of chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend, it passed the Townshend Acts, which imposed taxes on lead, glass, tea, paint, and paper that Americans imported from Britain. In an effort to strengthen its own authority and the power of royal colonial officials, Parliament, at Townshend's request, also created the American Board of Customs Commissioners whose members would strictly enforce the Navigation Acts. Revenue raised by the new tariffs would be used to free royal officials from financial dependence on colonial assemblies, thus further encroaching on colonial autonomy. Once again the colonists protested vigorously. In December 1767, John Dickinson, a Philadelphia lawyer, published 12 popular essays that reiterated the colonists' denial of Parliament's right to tax them and warned of a conspiracy by a corrupt British ministry to enslave Americans. The Sons of Liberty organized protests against customs officials, merchants entered into nonimportation agreements, and the Daughters of Liberty advocated the nonconsumption of products, such as tea, taxed by the Townshend Acts. The Massachusetts legislature sent the other colonies a circular letter condemning the Townshend Acts and calling for a united American resistance. British officials then ordered the dissolution of the Massachusetts General Court if it failed to withdraw its circular letter; the court refused, by a vote of 92 to 17, and was dismissed. The other colonial assemblies, initially reluctant to protest the acts, now defiantly signed the circular letter, outraged at British interference with a colonial legislature.In other ways, British actions again united American protest. The Board of Customs Commissioners extorted money from colonial merchants and usedflimsy excuses to justify seizing American vessels. These actions heightened tensions, which exploded on June 21, 1768, when customs officials seized Boston merchant John Hancock's sloop Liberty. Thousands of Bostonians rioted, threatening the customs commissioners' lives and forcing them to flee the city. When news of the Liberty riot reached London, four regiments of British army troops-some 4,000 soldiers-were ordered to Boston to protect the commissioners. The contempt of British troops for the colonists, combined with the soldiers' moonlighting activities that deprived Boston laborers of jobs, inevitably led to violence. In March 1770 a riot occurred between British troops and Boston citizens, who jeered and taunted the soldiers. The troops fired, killing five people. The so-called Boston Massacre aroused great colonial resentment. This anger was soon increased by further parliamentary legislation. Bowing to colonial economic boycotts, Parliament, guided by the new prime minister, Lord Frederick North, repealed the Townshend Acts in 1770 but retained the tax on tea to assert its right to tax the colonies. In order to rescue the British East India Company from bankruptcy, Parliament passed the Tea Act in 1773, reducing the tax on tea shipped to the colonies so that the company could sell it in America at a price lower than that of smuggled tea. The colonists, however, refused to buy the English tea. They viewed the Tea Act as another violation of their constitutional right not to be taxed without representation. Colonial merchants also feared that the act would allow the East India Company to monopolize the tea trade and put them out of business. In Philadelphia and New York City the colonists would not permit British ships to unload tea. In Boston, in the so-called Boston Tea Party, a group of citizens, many disguised as Native Americans, swarmed over British ships in the harbor and dumped the cargoes of tea into the water. Mariah Mearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01682888464334498560noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3184663244434244961.post-73727053118716744402019-11-27T08:21:00.001-08:002019-11-27T08:21:02.984-08:00Comparison and Contrast of the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution Essay ExampleComparison and Contrast of the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution Essay Example Comparison and Contrast of the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution Essay Comparison and Contrast of the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution Essay A Comparison and Contrast of the Articles of Confederation and The Constitution To understand what the benefits and drawbacksà à were, it is important to compare and contrast the positions in which the documents differ. I believe that they are thus: 1. Taxation The articles allow the congress to levy taxes on each state which means that the taxation burden has to be readjusted within each state among its populace and taxation is not equal Federally whereas in the constitution, the Congress levies taxation individually according to the position of each taxpaying individual making it equal across the board. . Justice there is no central justice system via the articles, there is no system of Federal Courts, each state handles its own courts and justice system and it causes problems with fugitives and inter-state criminal/civic legal issues especially as interstate extradition involved too much red tape hampering justice. This is not the case with the Constitution as it creates a F ederal Court System. 3. Trade The Congress regulates interstate trade whereas with the Articles, there is no existing provision for interstate trade regulation. . Amendments a unanimous 13/13 vote between all states must be imposed in the Articles while in the constitution, the rule of the majority or 2/3 of the Congress allows for amendment. 5. Representation each state in the Articles received 1 vote, 1 voice in the Congress but with the Constitution, representation in the lower house is according to the population of the state (dependent on district divisions) and each state gets 2 Senators. 6. Military the Congress cannot draft military manpower in the Articles it is up to each State to send troops whereas the Constitution allows for Federal Drafting creating a truly national Armed Forces. 7. Interstate Disputes The Articles had a complicated interstate dispute system, literally, each state can declare war on each other whereas the Constitution has a central interstate dispute management system as the Federal Courts handle arbitration. . Sovereignty Legislation The Articles declare that each state is Sovereign and a vote of 9/13 is needed to make a bill a law whereas the Constitution declares that there is one Supreme Law and Supreme Court in the nation and for a bill to be law, 50+1 in each house is what is necessary along with the approval of the Executive Office (President). Opinion/Review The biggest drawback for each of the representatives in the Continental Congress in terms of adopting the constitution and doing away with the Articles is convincing their once sovereign states to submit to one unifying rule of law and leadership that encompasses and is above all State law and rule. Federal means centralization and to adopt to these laws, to make them uniform across the board was a hard task. While the representatives had to convince each other and agree to a consensus that they will do away with each of their States own system of legal, judicial and administrative standards to conform with a universal system, they have had to convince their populace and the politics of doing so is enormous with pressure coming from all sides questions of power and who holds it is something that a lot of people fear and unsure about being unfamiliar with the ways of the other states as well as their politics. Imagine the European Union today the Articles of Confederation is like the EU constitution each country is sovereign. Now imagine them giving up each of their countrys complete independence to be part of a bigger whole, a bigger nation. It is a difficult task economically, socially and politically. Personally though if I lived during this period of history I would have shared the ideals of the colonist American Identity and I would have seen and understood how fully interdependent each state was to each other having shared one history as a British Colony. I would have fully supported the creation of a bigger, singular entity although I would feel a sense of insecurity on how it will pan out in the long run as there is a distinct difference in views and lifestyles between the Northern states and the Southern States. This is where, I think the Constitution triumphs over the Articles. I believe the Lockean principle of equality and I would have thought that to create an independent separate nation from the British Empire was right. The constitution empowers the citizens of the new American nation giving them a unified sense of governance and identity. Word Count: 759 References: (Web) usconstitution. net/constconart. html http://ocw. usu. edu/university-studies/u-s-institutions/comparison-of-constitution-and-articles-of-confederationà à usconstitution. net/consttop_arti. html http://avalon. law. yale. edu/18th_century/artconf. asp http://home. earthlink. net/~gfeldmeth/chart. art. html Attachment(s): Mariah Mearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01682888464334498560noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3184663244434244961.post-7177591727121263862019-11-23T15:55:00.001-08:002019-11-23T15:55:03.461-08:00Rostrum, As Used in Marine LifeRostrum, As Used in Marine Life The term rostrum is defined as an organismââ¬â¢s beak or a beak-like part. The term is used in reference to cetaceans, crustaceans and some fish.à The plural form of this word is rostra. Cetacean Rostrum In cetaceans, the rostrum isà the upper jaw or ââ¬Å"snoutâ⬠of the whale. According to the Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, the termà rostrumà also refers to the skull bones in the whale that provide support for the rostrum. Those are the forward (anterior) parts of the maxillary, premaxillary and vomerine bones. Essentially, it is made up of the bones we have between the bottom of our nose and our upper jaw, but the bones are much longer in cetaceans, especially baleen whales.à Rostrums look different in toothed whales (odontocetes) versus baleen whales (mysticetes). The toothed whales have a rostrum that is usually dorsally concave, while baleen whales have a rostrum that is ventrally concave. à More simply put, the top part of a toothed whales rostrum is shaped more like a crescent moon, while a baleen whales rostrum is shaped more like an arch. The differences in rostrum structure become pretty evident when viewing images of cetacean skulls, as is shown in the FAO identification guide here. The rostrum in a cetacean is a strong, relatively hard part of the anatomy. Dolphins can even use their rostra toà Crustacean Rostrum In a crustacean, the rostrum is the projection of the animals carapace that extends forward of the eyes. It projects from the cephalothorax, which is present in some crustaceans and is the head and thorax together, covered by a carapace. The rostrum is a hard, beak-like structure. à In a lobster, for example, the rostrum projects between the eyes. It looks like a nose, but it is not (lobster smell with their annentules, but thats another topic). Its function is thought to be simply to protect the lobsters eyes, especially when two lobsters have a conflict. The Lobster Rostrums Contribution to History In the 1630s, European warriors wore a lobster tail helmet that had overlapping plates hanging from the back to protect the neck and a nasal bar in the front, modeled after a lobsters rostrum. à Oddly enough, lobster rostrums have also been used as a cure for kidney stones and urinary diseases.à In shrimp, the rostrum is also known as the head spine, which is a hard projection between the animals eyes.à In barnacles (which are crustaceans but dont have visible eyes like lobsters do, the rostrum is one of the six shell plates that make up the animals exoskeleton. It is the plate located on the anterior end of the barnacle.à Fish Rostrum Some fish have body parts that are referred to as a rostrum. These include billfish such as sailfish (the long bill) and sawfish (the saw). Rostrum, As Used in a Sentence When the minke whale surfaces to breathe, its rostrum usually appears first, followed by the top of its head and its back.I needed to pass a kidney stone, so I roasted a lobsters rostrum and then mashed it up and dissolved it in wine. (Yes, this was purportedly a cure for kidney stones in the Middle Ages and Renaissance).à Sources American Cetacean Society. Cetacean Curriculum.Accessed October 30, 2015.Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Crustacean Glossary. Accessed October 30, 2015.Perrin, W.F., Wursig, B. and J.G.M. Thewissen. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press.à p.1366.St. Lawrence Global Observatory. American Lobster - Characteristics.à Accessed October 30, 2015.The Lobster Conservancy. 2004. Lobster Biology.à Accessed October 30, 2015.University of Bristol. Crustacea.à Accessed October 30, 2015. Mariah Mearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01682888464334498560noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3184663244434244961.post-3227694018704213442019-11-21T05:20:00.001-08:002019-11-21T05:20:18.343-08:00Researh paper exploring overtime among salaried government employees ResearchResearh exploring overtime among salaried government employees - Research Paper Example The Fair Labor Standards Act also advocates for bonus pay as part of workersââ¬â¢ salary. Extra payment and compensatory time for employees should be discussed by the employee and employer (Stone, 2005). This paper will look at a case involving a director of agency and employees who are demanding compensatory time, Florida administrative codes that focus on overtime, and how the agency can deal with such issues. Question 1 Compensatory time is an alternate method of paying overtime to employees for time worked over 40 hours for nonexempt workers. As a result, compensatory time should be agreed upon in advance as overtime. Moreover, there is a similarity between Compensatory principles and overtime principles. Compensatory time is only given to nonexempt workers as an alternative to compensation for the work they do overtime. In addition, employees are prohibited from working additional hours so that they can attain compensatory time off for utilization in the future. The directors ââ¬â¢ complaints are invalid. This is because workers of local organizationsââ¬â¢ do not enjoy the privilege of compensatory time. Compensatory time should be an agreement between employees and employers (Ulrich, 1996). This will facilitate employers to pay employees their compensation in the form of compensatory time instead of actual payment for overtime. Nevertheless, the agreement between employers and employees before the employees engage in overtime work. Additionally, employees must voluntarily and deliberately accept to be paid in compensatory time instead of actual payment in case of overtime work. The employees must also be aware that the compensatory time is not guaranteed; it may be eliminated, preserved, or employed according to the rules on the same. In addition, employees who request compensatory time are the only ones who are permitted to enjoy the benefits. The compensatory time can only be awarded if the request time is appropriate and does not affect the dep artmentââ¬â¢s operations (Stone, 2005). From these instances, it is evident that the directorsââ¬â¢ claims are invalid. From the different viewpoints, the agency employees have not met the requirements for receiving compensatory time. We are not informed of a contract between the management and workers on compensatory time as a means of compensation for overtime work. Question 2 The directors of the agency do not have a valid claim on compensatory time. According to The Florida Administrative code section 112.061(6), organizations or agencies should pay the employees according to their regular time rate per hour. The normal working hours for excluded employees, including holidays, weekends, and additional time in which the employee receives payment, and time in official, overtime. Moreover, the Florida Administrative code maintain that workers who occupy excluded employment positions in the senior management service and an individual exempt service, for example, the agency adm inistrators, recognized as excluded career service employees, are supposed to perform their duties in relation the rules of the agency (Ulrich, 1996). In this case, the agency does not incorporate compensatory time as a form of overtime payment. Question 3 The agency should create a labor department to examine and compile employee information on working hours, wages, and additional Mariah Mearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01682888464334498560noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3184663244434244961.post-51343464968773474522019-11-20T03:01:00.001-08:002019-11-20T03:01:03.999-08:00Cologne Cathedral and Amiens Cathedral Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 wordsCologne Cathedral and Amiens Cathedral - Essay Example A good example of this is the Amiens Cathedral and the Cologne Cathedral which are known all over the world. Even though, the two were designed by one architect by the name Gerhard Von Rile, they vary in so many ways like structure foundations, building historical background and decorative designs. These two structures were included in the World heritage site simply because they have about 800 years of history, and hence their significant effect in the world1. At the beginning of Medieval, Rainald of Dassel decided to put up a suitable church that would attract so many church goers. In so doing this, he had to seek for assistance from a renowned architecture that had to offer his expertise in the designing and construction of the famous church. Background Information about the Buildings The Cologne Cathedral traces its origin at the beginning of the medieval period. This is after Rainald of Dassel had acquired some skills from the three kings and thus decided to construct the largest church. With the artifacts contained by the Cologne Cathedral during the Middle Ages, So many people were attracted to thus making it one of the most famous religion centers in the world at the moment. Some of the common artifacts include the Three Magi2. During the designing of the Cologne Cathedral, the architecture solely relied on the original design of the Amiens Cathedral both in terms of ground plan, width and even height measurements. A Latin cross was the main shape of the plan as commonly associated with the Gothic Cathedral. There were to be two aisles on both sides which were to offer support to the highest Gothic vaults. With these exceptional collections of relics, the Cathedral of cologne was outstanding, and perhaps this was the thought of Rainald of Dassel. He decided to implore Gothic architecture, which had become very common, in most parts of Europe especially France and England. Despite the design not being popular in Germany, he chose the French architect to c onstruct the Gothic Cathedral3. Fortunately this turned out positive since the cathedral become famous internationally. The Gothic style went through several evolution periods basing on the country. For example in France, the periods included Early, Lancet, Rayonnant and Flamboyant or late Gothic while, in England, there were three stages namely Early English, Decorated and perpendicular. In both cases, the last periods were the most sophisticated as its amazing development led to introduction of different styles. During construction using this style, the climate played a crucial role in determining the physical features of the medieval, Gothic cathedrals. The Amiens cathedral in France had between 3 to 5 portals leading to the central nave. This style was similar to the one used to build the Cologne cathedral in Germany except that the later was made mainly of bricks, as opposed to the stones used in the Amiens4. However, this might not have been the main reason why the design was chosen because during the Roman period, the Romanesque style was eminent. That was the main reason why the some Romanesque features still existed in the Cologne church before the Cologne Cathedral. It was only after the changes in the economy of the society that the Gothic style became prominent. This led to the powerful influence of the French which was evident in the Cologne Cathedral particularly the Amiens Cathedral. The construction of this church was not a walk in the park, as it was forced to stand still for some Mariah Mearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01682888464334498560noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3184663244434244961.post-86688414994437852912019-11-17T15:32:00.001-08:002019-11-17T15:32:06.247-08:00Social Performance and Social Influence Essay Example for Free Social Performance and Social Influence Essay Social psychologist, Dr. Robert Cialdini has researched basic principles that govern how one person may influence another. You will read about these six principles in his 2002 article The Science and Practice of Persuasion. Social Performance Aristotle first called humans social animals. People tend to gather, play, and work in groups. Groups fulfill a variety of functions such as satisfying the need to belong, providing support and intimacy, and assisting in accomplishing tasks that individuals could not accomplish alone, etc. In Chapter 13 of the textbook, groups will be defined as two or more people working together on a task in which the outcome is quantifiable. This discussion will focus on two major areas that have been researched since the end of the 19th century: social facilitation and social loafing. Social Facilitation At first glance, these terms seem to be opposing behaviors: social facilitation refers to the fact that people work harder in groups, whereas social loafing describes their tendency reduce their efforts when in groups. The difference, it appears, is how people view the individuals in their groupsââ¬âwhether they perceive those in the group as being with them us or against them. If group members are against them, they perceive them as competitors, evaluators, or sources of comparison, which is likely to increase or facilitate their efforts. If they are with them, sharing in the demands of the task and evaluation, they are likely to loaf or reduce our efforts. These findings appear counterintuitive. Research on social facilitation began with Triplett (1989) who observed that cyclists pedaled faster, or performed better, when others were present than when performing alone. He argued that the other biker was a stimulus, arousing a competitive instinct in the cyclist. He tested his theory by asking children to wind fishing reels either alone or beside other children. The majority of the children turned the wheel faster when working alongside another child than when reeling alone. Allport (1924) termed this effect social facilitation. Still, it seemed that many disagreed about whether the presence of others increased or decreased performance on tasks. Zajonc (1965) renewed interest in social facilitation, and suggested that the presence of others enhanced a dominant responseââ¬âwhich is the most probable response on a given task. If the task is simple and well-learned, the dominant response will be facilitated. For example, if you were a skilled concert pianist, performing in front of others would increase your proficiency on the task; you would play beautifully. Since you are not skilled at this art, being observed by others would no doubt cause anxiety and would result in quite the opposite effect, inhibiting your performance. Zajonc was suggesting that the presence of others increases drive. Others were still arguing that it was the evaluation or the competition associated with others being present that produced the drive. Whether it was mere presence or evaluation apprehension that increased the drive, the drive theory remained the dominant thought of the time. Alternative approaches to social-facilitation effects fall into three classes: The first was the continued thought that the presence of others increases drive by evaluation apprehension. The second thought suggested that the situation places demands on the individual to behave in a particular way; individuals are engaged in self-presentation and self-awareness. The third idea argued that the presence of others affects focus and attention to the task, meaning that the task becomes cognitive. Hence, the controversy over whether it is the mere presence of others or evaluation that causes social facilitation is unresolved. Social Loafing Social facilitation research demonstrates that the presence of others sometimes enhances performance, yet at times reduces it. But, how does working with others affect motivation? Many would argue that groups should energize and motivate. The tendency for individuals to work less hard on a collective task than on an individual task is called social loafing. For example, those group projects at work or school where a few individuals did the majority of the workââ¬âsocial loafing. Research in this area has been conducted in a way that makes individuals believe that they are either working alone or working with othersââ¬âthen measures efforts toward the task. For example, Ringelmann (Kravitz Martin, 1986) had volunteers pull on a rope as hard as they could in groups of varying sizes. Their efforts decreased as group sizes increased. This was explained in two ways: their motivation decreased as groups size increased or maybe the larger groups were not able to coordinate their efforts efficiently. Researchers sought to tease apart these two factors, focusing on motivation. You can imagine that it was difficult to devise methods that lead participants to believe they were either working alone (when they were not) or with others (when they were working alone), which lends to the difficulty of studying social loafing. However, over 100 studies (Steiner, 1972; Griffith, Fichman, Moreland, 1989; Jackson Williams, 1985; Henningsen et al. , 2000) have tested the effects of groups on motivation, and social loafing has been replicated in most of these studies. Other theories have attempted to explain social loafing. Social impact theory states that when a group is working together, the expectation is that the effort should be diffused across all participants, resulting in diminished effort. Arousal reduction postulates that the presence of others should increase drive only when they are observers and reduce our efforts when they are coworkers. Evaluation potential suggests that social loafing occurs because individual efforts are so difficult to identify during a collective task; one can easily hide in the crowd or may feel they will not be acknowledged for their hard work. Dispensability of effort argues that individuals may feel their efforts are unnecessary or dispensable. The group simply does not need them. An integrative theory: the collective effort model states that individuals will work hard on a task only to the degree to which they believe their efforts will be instrumental in leading to outcomes they value, personally. Hence, the value they place on the task (and their efforts) depends on their personal beliefs, task meaningfulness, favorable interactions with the group, the nature of the rewards, and the extent to which their future goals are impacted by the task. Social loafing can be moderated, or reduced, when individuals efforts can be identified or evaluated, when individuals are working on a task they deem as important or of personal relevance, or when individuals are working with cohesive groups or close friends. Individual differences or characteristics also influence who engages in social loafing less because they value collective outcomes. For example, a need for affiliation, a hard work ethic, or high self-monitoring can influence effort. It should be clear that the mere presence of others is arousing. It appears that if others are competitors or evaluators they facilitate motivation to work harder. If individuals see others as a part of themselves, they can hide behind them or their efforts can get lost in the efforts of others. Further research in this area can help us determine how our view of others affects our motivation and performance. Social Influence Processes of Control and Change Social influence is one of the primary research areas in social psychology and refers to the ways in which opinions and attitudes influence the opinions and attitudes of others. Two types of social influence can be identified in groups: influence aimed at maintaining group norms (social control) or changing group norms (social change). The most common form of social control is conformity, where an individual complies with or accepts the groups views. Since the influence is typically within a context of a group of people influencing an individual, it is referred to as majority influence. Another type of social control is obedience, where individuals obey an authority figure, often against their will. For group norms to change, a small subset of the group must resist the majority view, which is termed minority influence. If minorities never resisted, group opinions would persist, fashions would never change, innovations would not come about, etc. It must be clear that the term majority refers to the larger group of people who hold the normative view and has power over others. Minority groups tend to be small, hold nonnormative positions, and wield very little power. This study textbook is concerned with two influence processes: processes that ensure that others adhere to the groups position (social control; conformity and obedience) or processes that aim to change the groups position (social change: innovation and active minorities). Social influence has studied how individuals conform to the majority, often by giving an obvious erroneous response to a question. According to Festinger (1950, 1954), this occurs because there are social pressures for groups to reach consensus, especially when there is a group goal. Individuals seek social approval and seek others to verify their opinions. Deutsch and Gerard (1955) distinguish between normative social influence (conforming to expectations of others) and informational social influence (accepting information from the group as reality). Another view is that people conform over concerns for positive self-evaluations, to have good relationships with others, and to better understand a situation by reducing uncertainty. Social influence also addresses why people comply with acts that clearly cause harm to another. The study of obedience is intimately tied to one social psychologistââ¬âStanley Milgram (1963). His post-WWII research aimed to understand why people willingly engaged in the atrocities perpetrated by the Nazis. People probably preferred to believe these were evil, disturbed men who were intrinsically evil? However, many of them claimed they were not responsible for their behavior. After all, they were simply following orders. In Milgrams (1963) classic study, he led participants (who were assigned to be teachers) to believe they were administering harmful shocks to the learners each time they made an error on a task. The experimenter (the authority figure) demanded they increase the level of shock for each incorrect response. As shocks increased, the receiver (the learner, who was out of the sight of the teacher) responded with distressed reactions. However, the teacher was encouraged, even demanded, to continue the experiment, even though he believed the learner was experiencing extreme distress. The question was, to what extent normal people would obey the instructions of the authority figure and administer harmful levels of shock to harm another individual. Milgrams results showed that a full 65% of all participants administered every level of shock, surpassing levels believed to do fatal harm to subjects. Milgrams findings have been replicated with consistent results. Why did they obey? Milgram offered the following explanations: (a) they had entered into a contract with the experimenter and did not wish to spoil the experiment; (b) they were absorbed in the experiment and lost sight of the implications of their actions; (c) the participants are acting for the experimenter; they may be pushing the buttons, but they are not responsible, the experimenter is. Notice these are all situational explanations; participants were put into a powerful role relationship with the experimenter. However, when the experimenter was not visible, or another participant played the role of the experimenter, obedience rates decreased, but did not fall to zero, indicating the role relationship did not fully account for their obedience. Milgrams research remains some of the most intriguing and influential in social psychology. Minority Influence Moscovicis (1976) book Social Influence and Social Change, he argues that minorities can create conflict by offering a different perspective, thereby challenging the dominant or majority view. Moscovici claims that people trying to avoid conflict may dismiss the minority position, and possibly denigrate it. However, when the minority demonstrates commitment to their position, the majority may consider the minority view as a viable alternative. He called this the minoritys behavioral styleââ¬âmeaning the way the message is organized and communicated. By standing up to the majority, the minority demonstrates that it is certain, confident, committed, and not easily persuaded. Researchers have compared majority and minority influence. Conversion theory is the dominant perspective and argues that all forms of influence, whether minority or majority, create conflict that individuals are motivated to reduce. However, people employ different processes depending on whether the conflict is the result of majority influence or minority influence. Comparison process suggests that people focus attention on fitting in, or complying with what others say. Their goal is to identify with the group and comply with the majority position, often times without examining the majoritys arguments in detail. Social comparison can drive majority influence, but cannot motivate minority influence, according to Moscovici (1976), because people desire to disassociate themselves with undesirable groups. Because minority groups tend to be distinctive, they stand out, and this encourages a validation process where some examine the judgments in order to confirm or validate themââ¬âto see what it is the minority saw or to understand the minoritys view. This process can lead to increased message processing which results in an attitude change on an indirect, latent, or private level. Convergent-divergent theory is proposed by Nemeth (1986) and simply states that people expect to share the same attitude as the majority and to differ from the minority (the false-consensus heuristic). Stress is the result of realizing that the majority has a different perspective than oneself, especially if one is in the physical presence of the majority. Stress narrows ones attention and majority influence, and then leads to convergent thinking. Minorities, on the other hand, do not cause high levels of stress, since they hold different views, which allows for less restricted focus of attention and leads to a greater consideration of alternatives that may not have been considered without the influence of the minority view. This results in creative and original solutions. Other theories that integrate minority and majority influence include mathematical models, objective-consensus models, conflict-elaboration theory, context/comparison model, and self-categorization theory. More contemporary models include social-cognitive responses with an emphasis on information-processing such as the elaboration likelihood model and the heuristic systematic model we discussed in an earlier chapter. New research continues to develop. Conclusion This module reviewed social psychological research that has made great contributions to the understanding of human behavior. Early research (e. g. , Triplett, 1898; Zajonc, 1965) led to the beginning of the relatively new field of social psychology. Mariah Mearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01682888464334498560noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3184663244434244961.post-69121248776881222322019-11-15T04:04:00.001-08:002019-11-15T04:04:02.902-08:00Employee Development Programs :: Career Planning, Training and DevelopmentEmployee development programs are not a new idea in the United States. General Motors established one of the first corporate universities in 1927 with the General Motors Institute (Gerbman, 2000). The concept was slow to catch on, but in the 1950s a variety of organizations followed the same path. During the 1950s General Electric established Crotonville Management Development Institute and Walt Disney began Disney University (Gerbman, 2000). McDonaldââ¬â¢s followed this trend with the establishment of Hamburger University to train its managers in the early 1960s (Garger, 1999). Despite these progressive organizations, employee development and career planning still experienced some growing pains. In the 1970s, career planning and development efforts were focused on young employees that seemed to have high potential. It was a way for companies to plan for the future and nurture young workers for senior management positions (Moses, 1999). This career path model fit well with the traditional commitment employees would offer to companies. Chris Argyris referred to this commitment as a ââ¬Å"psychological contractâ⬠in which employers were almost guaranteed long term loyalty and commitment to the organization in return for giving employees job security, opportunities for promotion, and training (Feldman, 2000). The ability to get on this fast track to the top of a company diminished in the 1980s when companies were moving to a flattened hierarchy with less room for promotions. People quickly realized that they were reaching plateaus in their careers and the opportunities for advancement did not exist (Moses, 1999). The concept 5 of career planning became less realistic for both individuals and organizations because neither could count on long term commitment (Feldman, 2000). The stock market crash of 1987 was a major turning point in employee development. Daniel Feldman keenly states that, ââ¬Å"where once large corporations were seen as bastions of job security, they are now seen as minefields of job insecurityâ⬠(2000). Not only were corporations flattening, they were also downsizing and restructuring to compensate for loss of revenue. These drastic changes in the job market also led to changes in employee development programs. Barbara Moses states that, ââ¬Å"today, job security is dead and loyalty to the organization in the tradition sense has died along with itâ⬠(1999). Under this assumption, companies have to change the way they view employee development. Where once training and development were viewed as mechanisms for employees to move up the corporate ladder, promotion is no longer an incentive for employees because it is not a definite option. Mariah Mearshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01682888464334498560noreply@blogger.com0